Multiple Choice Questions - BPS Core Textbooks Series

Chapter 1 – Quiz

Question 1

Who is often credited as the founder of experimental psychology?

Descartes

Ebbinghaus

Vygotsky

Plato

None

Question 2

What is meant by the term introspection, pioneered by Wundt?

Experimenters coming up with experimental insights by reflecting on their inner mental processes

Experimenters observing participants and inferring their inner mental processes

Participants being asked to describe their inner mental experiences

Participants inferring the goal of the experiment and thus biasing experiemntal results

None

Question 3

Many pinpoint the birth of congitive psychology to which year?

1956

1946

1966

1976

None

Question 4

What are \’connectionist models\’?

A class of semantic model used to model aspects of concept learning and speech

A class of computational model used to decipher the structural connections in the brain

A type of computational model that are used to model aspects of human behaviour using artificial neural netowrks as simplified models of the brain

A type of information processing model used to understand conscious semantic processing and the connections between concepts in the brain

None

Question 5

In an PET experiment by Squire and colleagues (1992), priming was associated with what brian activity?

Decreased bloodflow in the right parahippocampal gyrus

Increased bloodflow in the right parahippocampal gyrus

Increased bloodflow in the extrastriate occipital cortex

Reduced bloodflow in the extrastriate occipital cortex

None

Time’s up

Chapter 2 – Quiz

Question 1

What is a divergent problem”?”

A problem requiring both verbal and visuo-spatial thinking

A problem that has only one correct answer

A problem that has multiple possible correct answers

A problem requiring visuo-spatial thinking only

None

Question 2

What is an insight problem”?”

Problems that are typically solved with a sudden flash of the knowledge of the solution

Problems solved through incremental, analytic processes that slowly progress toward a solution

Problems that are solved through fast analytical reasoning

Problems that are solved through slow analytical reasoning

None

Question 3

What is an ill-defined problem”?”

When a problem statement contains all the information required to solve it

When a problem statement is missing some of the information needed to solve it

When a problem statement contains none of the information required to solve it

A problem whose operators are well-defined, but whose goal state is vague

None

Question 4

A point of impasse during a problem is a…

Point where you feel stuck and are unable to progress toward finding a solution

Point where you reach an Aha!” moment and find the solution ”

Point where you restructure the initial state of the problem in order to find a solution

Point where you feel the solution is almost solved

None

Question 5

The incubation phenomenon is where…

Problems are restructured until an Aha!” moment is reached ”

Problems are focused on exclusively until the solution is reached

Problems are set aside for some time, and working on another unrelated task facilitates reaching the initial solution

Problems are set aside whilst it is still at the forefront of consciousness

None

Question 6

What view does the special-process account” describe? “

That both implicit and explicit reasoning are key factors in problem solving

That explicit reasoning is a key factor in problem solving

That problem restructuring comes about through an analytical conscious process

That problem restructuring comes about through ineffable processes that functions at a non-conscious level

None

Question 7

What idea did the verbal overshadowing” experiments

That conscious verbal processing facilitates problem solving speed

That explicit reasoning is crucial to problem solving

Incubation

The special-process acount

None

Hint

Question 8

Which side of the brain is specialised for semantic processing concerned with detailed analysis of meaning?

The left hemisphere

The right hemisphere

Neither

Both

None

Question 9

Which side of the brain is specialised for coarse semantic processing less concerned with detailed analysis of meaning?

The left hemisphere

The right hemisphere

Neither

Both

None

Question 10

Neuroimaging studies support the idea that insight arises from…

A constellation of language networks across both the right and left hemispheres

Diffuse semantic processing in the left hemisphere

Diffuse semantic processing in the right hemisphere

Diffuse semantic processing the cerebellum

None

Question 11

What is productive thinking?

Thinking involving the left and right hemispheres

Thinking involving novel restructuring of the problem

Thinking involving involving both explicit and implicit analytical reasoning

Thinking involving systematic reasoning based on the re-use of past experiences and existing knowledge

None

Question 12

What is reproductive thinking?

Thinking involving the left and right hemispheres

Thinking involving novel restructuring of the problem

Thinking involving involving both explicit and implicit analytical reasoning

Thinking involving systematic reasoning based on the re-use of past experiences and existing knowledge

None

Question 13

The maximisation heuristic ensures that…

A decision enables as much progress as possible toward achieving the goal

All possible cognitive resources are utilised in order to solve a problem

As much cognitive energy as possible is conserve during problem solving

Reproductive thinking is utilised as much as possible to move toward the goal state

None

Question 14

Crucial examples of similarities between problems include:

superficial similarity

structural similarity

divergent similarity

A and B

None

Time’s up

Chapter 3 – Quiz

Question 1

According to Runco and Jaeger’s (2012) definition, creativity requires

Originality

Intelligence

Effectiveness

A and C

None

Question 2

What are participants required to do in the Alternative Uses Task (AUT)?

Report as many uses as possible for a familiar object that is different from its typical use

Report as many objects as possible of a particular characteristic named by the experimenter

Report as many objects as possible that could be used with a given verb provided by the experimenter

None of the above

None

Question 3

Responses to the AUT can be measured in terms of which criteria?

Fluency, speed, flexibility, enthusiasm

Fluency, speed, flexibility, originality

Fluency, elaboration, flexibility, originality

Fluency, speed, flexibility

None

Question 4

What is one of the most consistent observations of the AUT?

Responses become increasingly unusual

Responses become increasingly original

Responses start off as mundane

All of the above

None

Question 5

What memory task is the AUT particularly similar to?

Delayed recall task

Semantic fluency task

Recognition task

Visual fluency task

None

Question 6

When is the default mode network typically engaged?

During the brain’s resting state and mind wandering

During states of high cognitive activity

During hight states of stress

During sleep and imaginative thinking

None

Question 7

What is meant by attribute finding?

The search for similarities in pre-generated original ideas

An exploratory process during which an abstract interpretation is derived from an initial idea

The search for emergent features in generated concepts/combinations of them

An exploratory process during which the potential uses of an idea are considered

None

Question 8

The assumption that creativity is about retrieving remote associates of a given stimulus whilst inhibiting the retrieval of common associates, is central to which theory?

The remote association theory

The blind variation model

The semantic fluency model

The Geneplore model

None

Question 9

Luft et al (2018) found that right temporal alpha transcranial stimulation had what effect on creative thinking?

No significant effect

Increased production of remote ideas in divergent thinking tasks

Decreased production of remote ideas in divergent thinking tasks

Decreased scores on the AUT

None

Question 10

What is deliberate practice?

A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks oflow difficulty and are provided with highly critical feedback so they have the opportunity to correct their errors

A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks of a difficulty level that exceeds their current level of skill

A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks of high difficulty and are provided with highly critical feedback so they have the opportunity to correct their errors

A type of practice designed to improve performance by ensuring learners are provided with tasks of moderate difficulty and are provided with informative feedback so they have the opportunity to correct their errors

None

Question 11

Relating to chess, what is a template?

An schema-based knowledge structure consisting of a mix of fixed and variable information about chess pieces and their relative configurations

An schema-based knowledge structure consisting of variable information about chess pieces and their relative configurations

An schema-based knowledge structure consisting of fixed and variable information about chess pieces and their relative configurations

None of the above

None

Question 12

What model incorporates both personal and environmental factors in the development of talent?

The genetics model of skill-based learning (Ullén et al, 2016)

The multifactorial gene-environment interaction model (Ullén et al, 2016)

The deliberate practice model

The 10,000 hour rule model

None

Time’s up

Chapter 4 – Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following is deductive reasoning?

Probabilistic inferences

Probabilistic inferences that are necessary conclusions given the premises

Deterministic inferences, i.e. necessay conclusions from given premises

Deterministic inferences that are not necessary conclusions given the premises

None

Question 2

Which of the following is inductive reasoning?

Probabilistic inferences

Probabilistic inferences that are necessary conclusions given the premises

Deterministic inferences, i.e. necessay conclusions from given premises

Deterministic inferences that are not necessary conclusions given the premises

None

Question 3

Which of the following are valid forms of reasoning?

Modus tollens

Modus ponens

A and B

None of the above

None

Question 4

Denial of the antecedent is an example of what?

deterministic inference

inductive reasoning

Modus ponens

Logical fallacy

None

Question 5

Mental models theories of conditional reasoning posit that people have…

underlying deductive ability whose demonstration is thwarted by limitations in processing capacity

innate deductive ability that is consistently demonstrated in tests of logic

underlying inductive ability whose demonstration is thwarted by limitations in processing capacity

innate inductive ability that is consistently demonstrated in tests of logic

None

Question 6

What does the abstract Wason selection task measure?

a mixture of inductive and deductive reasoning

hypothesis testing using a conditional rile of the form if p then q””

deductive reasoning alone

A and B

None

Question 7

What is the matching bias\” in abstract selection tasks? \”

the tendency to avoid cards that are named in the presented rules of the task

the tendency to select cards that are named in the presented rules of the task

the tendency to select cards that are unmentioned in the presented rules of the task

None of the above

None

Question 8

How can Type 1 processes be described?

intuitive

deliberate

A and D

associative

None

Question 9

Abstract and thematic selection tasks….

Both use realistic contexts to assess decision making

Differ in that the latter asks whether rules are true are false and the former asks whether a rule has been violated

Differ in that the former asks whether rules are true are false and the latter asks whether a rule has been violated

Differ in that the former use realistic contexts to assess decision making

None

Question 10

What is the atmosphere effect\”?\”

The effect of mood on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

The effect of room temperature on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

The effect of location’s climate on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

The effect of various psychometric scores (e.g. depression level) on the endorsement of a conclusion in syllogistic reasoning

None

Question 11

Which of the following are proposed by the tripartite model, developed by Stanovich (2009, 2011, 2012)?

Type 2 processing consists of two seperable components: the autonomous mind” and the “mindware” ”

Type 2 processing consists of two seperable components: the algorithmic mind” and the “mindware” ”

Type 1 processing does not vary much between individuals

B and C

None

Question 12

What is myside bias?

The tendency to interpret information in a way that is consistent with one’s own prior beliefs

The tendency to interpret information in a way that is inconsistent with one’s own prior beliefs

The tendency to interpret information in a way that is inconsistent with one’s social circle’s beliefs

None of the above

None

Time’s up

Chapter 5 – Quiz

Question 1

What does the term ‘concept’ refer to?

A set of items that are the same in some way

the mental representation of a category

a category

a collection of instances treated as if they are the same

None

Question 2

What do categories and concepts help us achieve?

generalisation

predicition

analogous reasoning

All of the above

None

Question 3

Which of the following best capture the idea of ‘cognitive economy’?

Representing objects by concepts, saving mental resources

Storing each individual memory separately, allowing for more accurate recall

Representing objects by concepts, improving accurate recall

Representing objects by exemplars, saving mental resources

None

Question 4

Which of the following are challenges with defining categories?

there are unclear boundaries between categories

categories are well-defined

in general, all examples within categories are equally fitting members of that category

None of the above

None

Question 5

What levels of categorisation did Rosch et al (1976) argue for?

a superordinate, a basic, and a subordinate level

a superior, a basic, and a subordinate level

a superior, an ordinate, and an inferior level

None

Question 6

Within Rosch’s levels of categorisation, what would a ‘bird’ fall under?

ordinate level

superordinate level

basic level

subordinate level

None

Question 7

What is a critique of category learning research in the 1950s and 60s?

The assumption that category learning is stationary across development

The lack of control over the use of rule-based versus similarity-based learning

The conflation of rule-based versus similarity-based learning

The assumption that artificial catgories behave like real-world categories

None

Question 8

What is an issue with the classical view of concepts?

it predicts that category membership is unambiguous

its key assumptions did not survive empirical investigations in the 1970s

it assumes that all members of a category are equally representative

All of the above

None

Question 9

In the prototype model, what are instances of concepts grouped by?

features that are necessary but not (necessarily) sufficient

family resemblance

features that are both necessary and sufficient

typicality

None

Question 10

Which theory is best supported by the finding that categorisation was more strongly correlated with training examples, rather than the amount of typical features? (Medin and Schaffer, 1978)

Protoype models

Hierarchical network models

Exemplar-based theories

Connectionist models

None

Question 11

What separates the ‘grounded cognition’ approach from other models of categorisation?

It is not amodal

It is amodal

It assumes that mental representations of concepts are stored in a neural system separate from other systems (e.g. movement, preception, etc.)

It argues that concepts are not rooted in perception and action, but are separate

None

Question 12

What concept types are grounded cognition approaches particularly challenged by?

concepts of high typicality

abstract and concrete concepts

concrete concepts

abstract concepts

None

Question 13

What do hub and spoke models argue that conceptual representation require?

an interaction between modality-specific and mulitmodal conceptual hub areas

an interaction between modality-specific, mulitmodal, and amodal conceptual hub areas

an interaction between mulitmoda and amodal conceptual hub areas

an interaction between modality-specific and amodal conceptual hub areas

None

Question 14

What are ad-hoc categories?

a novel category constructed spontaneously that is an established memory and requires a context

a stable category constructed over development to achieve a particular goal that is currently relevant

a novel category constructed spontaneously to achieve a particular goal that is currently relevant

a category constructed over the course of development that is an established memory

None

Time’s up

Chapter 6 – Quiz

Question 1

What is the difference between normativism and descriptive approaches in decision making research?

The former attempts to understand how we should” perform

The former explores what individuals actually do during decision making, whereas the latter attempts to understand how we should” perform”

The former explores the role of risk during decision making, whereas the latter explores what individuals actually do during decision making

The former explores what individuals actually do during decision making, whereas the latter explores the role of risk in decision making

None

Question 2

Which of the following describes the availibility heuristic?

the probability of an event can be estimated using analogous reasoning

the probability of an event can be estimated on the basis of how easy or difficult it is to retrieve instances of that event from memory

the probability of an event can be estimated statistically

the probability of an event can be estimated by assessing the degree to which an instance aligns with one’s idea of a typical or representative member of a category

None

Question 3

Which of the following describes the representativeness heuristic?

the probability of an event can be estimated on the basis of how easy or difficult it is to retrieve instances of that event from memory

the probability of an event can be estimated using analogous reasoning

the probability of an event can be estimated by assessing the degree to which an instance aligns with one’s idea of a typical or representative member of a category

the probability of an event can be estimated statistically

None

Question 4

Which heuristic is the conjunction fallacy driven by?

the representativeness heuristic

the availibility heuristic

the representativeness and availibility heuristic

None of the above

None

Question 5

What is the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic?

a probabilistic judgment estimated by assessing the degree to which an instance aligns with one’s idea of a typical or representative member of a category

the probability of an event can be estimated on the basis of how easy or difficult it is to retrieve instances of that event from memory

a probabilistic judgment by using a final value (anchor) and then adjusting backwards to arrive at a starting value

a probabilistic judgment by using a starting value (anchor) and then adjusting from this to arrive at a final value

None

Question 6

What is a common critique of the original experiments assessing heuristics and judgement biases?

The probability questions provide insufficient clues to its underlying causal structure

The probability questions are not based on naturalistic settings

A and B

None of the above

None

Question 7

In dual-process theories of judgement, what does System 1 thinking encompass?

Fast, automatic, implicit cognition

Slow, effortful, consciously monitored cognition

Slow, implicit, automatic cognition

Fast, automatic cognition

None

Question 8

In dual-process theories of judgement, what does System 2 thinking encompass?

Fast, automatic, implicit cognition

Slow, effortful, consciously monitored cognition

Slow, implicit, automatic cognition

Fast, automatic cognition

None

Question 9

Which of the following is a limitation to System 1 and System 2 thinking?

The lack of clarity on the seriality of System 1 and System 2

The assumption that System 2 is reflective and effortful

The assumption of parallel System 1 and System 2 thinking

The sequential assumption, i.e. the assumption that System 1 must precede System 2 thinking

None

Question 10

What was proposed by De Neys (e.g. 2014) to address the challenges of the dual-process theory of judgement?

That System 1 and System 2 operate serially

That System 1 and System 2 operate in parallel

C and D

That the initial stage of System 1 can be followed by a subsequent stage of System 2

None

Time’s up

Chapter 7 – Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding saccades and fixations is true?

Fixations are periods of time when the eyes are still; Saccades are rapid eye movements lasting 20-60ms

Fixations are periods of time when the eyes are still; Saccades are rapid eye movements lasting 200-600ms

Fixations are are rapid eye movements lasting 200-600ms; Saccades are periods of time when the eyes are still

Fixations are periods of time when the eyes are still lasting 20-60ms; Saccades are rapid eye movements lasting the same amount of time as fixations

None

Question 2

During which process do we acquire information while reading a piece of text?

Saccades

Regressions

Fixations

A and B

None

Question 3

The Interactive Activation and Competition (IAC) model by McClelland and Rumelhart describes what process?

The perception of words on a page

The recognition of words

Saccade planning

Perceptual span

None

Question 4

What is the word superiority effect?

The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is the first letter presented, regardless of whether it is in a word or non-word

The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is the first or last letter presented when it is presented in a word but not a non-word

The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is presented in a non-word than in a word

The finding that participants correctly report a letter more often when it is presented in a word than in a non-word

None

Question 5

What is word frequency?

How frequently a word is used in a language

The percentage of people who know a specific word

How frequently a word is used in a particular geographical region

None of the above

None

Question 6

What are participants required to do in a lexical decision task?

Fill in the missing letters of a given word as quickly as possible

Make estimates of how frequently a presented word is used in a given geographical region

Make estimates of how frequently a presented word is used in a given language

Make choices about whether or not a presented letter string is a word or a non-word

None

Question 7

What is the neighbourhood size (or N) of the word CALL\”? \”

<10

>10

None

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding dyslexia is true?

Surface dyslexia is an impairment in the ability to read irregular or exception words

Surface dyslexia is an impairment in the ability to read pseudowords

Phonological dyslexia is an impairment in the ability to read pseudowords

A and C

None

Question 9

Regarding the Dual-Route Cascaded (DRC) model, which of the following statements are true?

It has three routes: The sublexical, and two direct lexical routes

Route 1 is a serial processer that processes one grapheme at a time

Route 2 accesses the semantic system, and then the sound representation of the words

All of the above

None

Question 10

According to Seidenberg and McClelland’s (1989) Triangle Model, learning to read involves mapping between what?

Orthographic, phonological, and semantic codes which represent a word

Orthographic and semantic codes which represent a word

Phonological and semantic codes which represent a word

Orthographic and phonological codes which represent a word, and grapheme conversion rules

None

Question 11

What does articulatory suppression aim to suppress?

Reading aloud

Inner speech during reading

Skim reading

Understanding during reading

None

Question 12

What does the rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) aim to eliminate?

The use of eye movements that assist with text processing

Blinking

Skim reading

A and B

None

Time’s up

Chapter 8 – Quiz

Question 1

What is the Ganong effect?

The fact that different mouth shapes influence the pronounciation of sounds occurring next to each other

Perception of an ambiguous sound favours a solution that creates a non-word rather than a word

Perception of an ambiguous sound favours a solution that creates a word rather than a non-word

The fact that speech sounds or phonemes that we produce vary according to the sounds that we produce immediately before and/or after them

None

Question 2

What are typical findings from the visual world paradigm when participants are asked to move the picture object during the task?

There are more eye fixations to phonologically related distractors than to the unrelated distractor

There are more fixations to the high than to the low frequency related distractor

There are more eye fixations to the unrelated distractor

A and B

None

Question 3

According to the Cohort model of spoken word recognition…

As a speech signal is perceived a set of potential words that the signal could be becomes activated

spoken word recognition comprises three levels of units: input feature units; phoneme units; output word units

spoken word recognition comprises two levels of units: input feature units and phoneme units

spoken word recognition comprises two levels of units: input feature units and output word units

None

Question 4

What is the McGurk effect?

A sound reflecting a blend of lexical and visual input

A sound reflecting a blend of auditory and visual input

The same as the neighbourhood effect

None of the above

None

Question 5

What is the distinction between fluent and non-fluent aphasias?

Non-fluent aphasias involve damage to the anterior speech area, affecting motor speech production, whereas fluent aphasias involve more posterior lesions

Non-fluent aphasias involve damage to the posterior speech area, affecting comprehension of meaning, whereas fluent aphasias involve more anterior lesions

Non-fluent aphasias involve damage to the posterior speech area, whereas fluent aphasias affect motor speech production

Fluent aphasias affect motor speech production, whereas non-fluent aphasias impact speech comprehension

None

Question 6

Which of the following statements apply to the WEAVER ++ model?

When a picture is seen, the lexical concept of the object becomes activated. This activation sends further activations to related concepts, as well as to its lemma node containing syntactic information about the word

There is a lemma retrieval layer, and a concept layer

It is a discrete two step model, contrasting with Dell’s interactive model

All of the above

None

Question 7

What are some similarities between the WEAVER ++ and Dell\’s model?

Both propose interactive layers

Both contain only one planning level

Both propose sublexical units (e.g. phonemes)

None of the above

None

Question 8

What is dysgraphia?

An impairment in the ability to produce written representation of language

An impairment in the ability to use inner speech

An impairment in the ability to read using inner speech

An impairment in the ability to read written language

None

Question 9

Regarding bilinguilism, what did an experiment by Kirsner et al (1980) find?

Priming was found between words of two languages, suggesting a shared storage space

No priming was found between words of two languages, suggesting separate storage spaces

Participants in the English-Hindi and the Hindi-English conditions showed faster response times compared to the comparison conditions

Participants in the English-English and the Hindi-Hindi conditions showed slower response times compared to the comparison conditions

None

Question 10

Regarding bilinguilism, according to Harley (2014), most of the evidence provides support for…

Separate lexicons for each language

Ongoing activation of both languages

Ongoing activation of one language

A single lexicon

None

Question 11

What did Bialystok et al (2007) find regarding bilingual patients diagnosed with dementia?

Bilingual patients showed symptoms 10 years later than monolingual patients

Bilingual patients showed symptoms 4 years later than monolingual patients

Bilingual patients showed symptoms 4 years earlier than monolingual patients

Bilingual patients showed symptoms 10 year searlier than monolingual patients

None

Question 12

Which of the following happens to language with age?

Sentence processing is preserved

Language production declines

Automatic access of lexical representations remains stable

All of the above

None

Time’s up

Chapter 9 – Quiz

Question 1

What are the 3 components of memory as first proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968?

procedural, semantic, autobiographical

sensory, motor, perceptual

working, short-term, long-term

sensory, short-term, long-term

None

Question 2

What is chunking?

a method of integrating pieces or units of information that increases the capacity of the long-term store

a method of integrating pieces or units of information that increases the capacity of the short-term store

a task in which digits are presented rapidly until an unpredictable point at which a participant must recall the items from the end of the list

a task in which participants hear a series of digits and repeat them back in the same order as they were presented

None

Question 3

Which of the following is not relevant for the evidence of the distinction between short-term and long-term memory?

free recall task

Patient H.M.

neuroimaging of regional specificity

none of the above

None

Question 4

How is the levels of processing theory different than multi-store models?

instead of separate memory stores, it instead argues that an item’s memorability is determined by the level of processing it receives at the encoding stage

It was proposed prior to the multi-store model

it suggests that the greater the depth of processing, the less elaborate the memory trace produced for an item due to fatigue

it can only be applied to verbal tasks

None

Question 5

Why do we remember some information more than others?

self-reference

transfer-appropriate processing

encoding specificity

all of the above

None

Question 6

Which of the following is not one of the subcomponents of working memory?

phonological loop

semantic buffer

visuo-spatial sketchpad

central executive system

None

Question 7

Which of the following is an alternative theory of working memory?

levels of processing

computer simulation

controlled attention

unitary processing

None

Question 8

What are the 4 long-term memory systems proposed by Schacter and Tulving in 1994?

perceptual, procedural, episodic, semantic

perceptual, motor, cognitive, sensory

molecular, systems, cognitive, behavioral

perceptual, motor, episodic, semantic

None

Question 9

Non-declarative memory include

perceptual representation system

procedural

episodic

both A and B

None

Question 10

Which brain region is more specifically associated with episodic memory?

hippocampus

temporal cortex

prefrontal cortex

posterior frontal gyrus

None

Question 11

What improves episodic memory?

visual imagery

exercise

both A and B

neither A nor B

None

Question 12

What are some limitations of the think/no-think paradigm?

limited real-life traumatic stimuli

some failed replication attempts

weak effects

all of the above

None

Time’s up

Chapter 10 – Quiz

Question 1

What are the two main components of Conway’s self-memory system?

conceptual self & working self

themes & lifetime periods

general events & episodic events

autobiographical knowledge base & conceptual self

None

Question 2

What of the following is one way of accessing autobiographical memories as proposed by Conway’s theory?

joining information from the working self with information from the autobiographical knowledge base

involuntary retrieval because of a specific cue

both A & B

neither A nor B

None

Question 3

Which of the following is a theory that has been proposed to account for infantile amnesia?

infants are poor at encoding and storing autobiographical information due to a lack of cognitive development

infants can form memories, but that later they are forgotten or cannot be retrieved

lack of language development

all of the above

None

Question 4

Which of the following is not a part of the theoretical accounts of the reminiscence bump?

maturational

identity formation

behavioral

life story

None

Question 5

Which of the following is not found across different cultures?

infantile amnesia

reminiscence bump

autobiographical memory

procedural memory

None

Question 6

Which of the following variable was found to distinguish memories within the reminiscence bump from memories from other life periods?

first time experiences

importance

emotional valence

all of the above

None

Question 7

Regarding autobiographical memory, hippocampus plays a role in…

encoding

storage

recall

disruption

None

Question 8

Which is not a way in which problems with autobiographic memory contribute to depression?

bias towards recalling negative events

rumination of negative events

reduced ability to access positive memories

people recall personal events in an over-specific way

None

Question 9

Which of the following is relevant for the discussion on memory for eyewitness testimony?

confirmation bias

weapon focus

unconscious transference

all of the above

None

Question 10

Which of the following is not a technique of the cognitive interview?

context reinstatement

reporting everything

recall from a singular perspective

recall in different temporal orders

None

Question 11

Which of the following are actual findings related to fake news?

we are more susceptible to forming false memories for stories that are consistent with our pre-existing beliefs

false memories for fake news were more frequent in participants with lower cognitive ability

many people form false memories for fake news stories, which can then influence their attitudes and behavioral intentions

all of the above

None

Question 12

Which of the following is not a possible theoretical explanation of prospective memory?

preparatory attentional and memory processes theory

attention to delayed intention theory

multi-process theory

none of the above

None

Time’s up

Chapter 11 – Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following statements is false regarding focused auditory attention?

we are capable of focused attention, attending to one source of information whilst ignoring other stimuli

there is some processing of unattended messages

attentional selection occurs exclusively early in information processing

competing speech is processed within the same pathways as target speech, but is not processed equivalently to target speech

None

Question 2

Which of the following serves as evidence for distinction between endogenous and exogenous attention?

attention is oriented faster when directed exogenously than endogenously

endogenous attention can be sustained for longer periods of time than exogenous attention

neglect patients not being able to orient their attention to the left side of space exogenously, but can do so endogenously

all of the above

None

Question 3

In what context(s) has load theory been applied?

eyewitness accuracy

driving behaviour

processing of advertisements

all of the above

None

Question 4

Which of the following is not part of the acronym in WEIRD\”?\”

educated

wealthy

industrialized

democratic

None

Question 5

Which of the following has been found in research regarding feature integration theory?

conjunction searches may require attentive serial processing

Patient R.M who was found to have difficulties with tasks requiring conjunction searches but not feature searches

stimulation of the parietal cortex interferes with conjunction search task performance but not feature search performance

all of the above

None

Question 6

Which of the following is relevant for alternative theories of visual search?

guided search theory

decision integration hypothesis

peripheral visual processing

all of the above

None

Question 7

Which statement is false with regards to divided attention?

there are no limits to divided attention

multi-tasking is nowadays done without difficulties

comprehension is affected in media multitasking

all of the above

None

Question 8

What is not a theory proposed for divided attention?

guided search theory

central capacity theory

multiple-resources theory

threaded cognition theory

None

Question 9

What is relevant for the research underlying the distinction between automatic and controlled processing?

Stroop effect which is commonly attributed to the automatic processing of color words, due to experience and practice with reading

the automatization of cognitive processes is based on a shift from algorithmic computation to single-step memory retrieval

automaticity is generally associated with a shift away from cortical activation and towards subcortical activation

all of the above

None

Question 10

What is not relevant for failures in attention?

attentional blink

inattentional blindness

unconscious transference

change blindness

None

Question 11

How is endogenous attention different than exogenous attention?

one is top-down and other is bottom-up

in endogenous attention, attention is controlled by encountered stimuli

in exogenous attention, attention is controlled by goals and intentions

none of the above

None

Question 12

Which of the following is a possible alternative explanation of inattentional blindness and change blindness?

overwriting of visual representations

fatigue

noncompliance

unnatural environments

None

Time’s up

Chapter 12 – Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following is true of the Gestalt approach to perception?

it’s a top-down view

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

grouping of visual information based on proximity or similarity

all of the above

None

Question 2

Which pathway is a part of the retina-geniculate-striate system?

primary visual pathway

parvocellular pathway

metabolic pathway

epithelium pathway

None

Question 3

Which of the following is true of the parvocellular pathway?

most of its input come from cones

most of its input come from rods

it is sensitive to movement

contains relatively larger cells

None

Question 4

What evidence(s) distinguishes the dorsal and ventral pathways?

patients with optic ataxia

patients with visual form agnosia

ventral stream developed later in childhood than the dorsal stream

all of the above

None

Question 5

What are elements of basic processes in vision?

color perception

depth and distance perception

perceptual constancy

all of the above

None

Question 6

How does face recognition differ from object recognition?

focuses predominantly individual features

faces are easier to identify when they are presented up-side down

involves more holistic processing

none of the above

None

Question 7

Which of the following is a study that has been involved in providing evidence of holistic processing from face illusions?

Thatcher illusion

part-whole illusion

features of faces and houses

all of the above

None

Question 8

What does not influence face recognition?

age

race

facial coverings

all of the above

None

Question 9

What is involved in steering?

identifying our direction of motion

engaging optic flow

moving left and right to avoid obstacles

traveling on a straight path

None

Question 10

Damage to (X) can result (Y).

X = inferior parietal lobe; Y = ideomotor apraxia

X = posterior parietal cortex; Y = ideomotor apraxia

X = superior parietal cortex; Y = ideomotor apraxia

X = intraparietal sulcus; Y = neglect

None

Question 11

Which statement is false regarding biological motion?

reliable judgements can also be made from light displays of non-human animals

observers can perceive actions but limited in identifying various characteristics of an actor

biological motion has implications in many domains

biological motion perception can be impaired despite intact motion and form perception

None

Question 12

Which of the following is not a perception domain?

olfactory

gustatory

proprioception

haptic

None

Time’s up

Chapter 13 – Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following question is relevant to the hard problem?

why a group of neurons of the complexity of the human brain give rise to perceptions that are consciously experienced?

why should all these complicated brain processes feel like anything from the inside?

Why aren’t we just robots, reacting to the environment but without any accompanying conscious experience?

all of the above

None

Question 2

Which of the following is not a part of the paradigms available for studying consciousness?

subjective reports

forced choice methods

sensory methods

confidence methods

None

Question 3

Which of the following is a theory of consciousness?

global workspace theory

higher order thought theory

recurrent processing

all of the above

None

Question 4

Which is an example of a condition that provides evidence from neuropsychological patients for a theory of consciousness?

blindsight

bilateral neglect

synesthesia

none of the above

None

Question 5

How are patients in vegetative state studied?

use fMRI to measure brain activity in response to patients’ own names spoken by a familiar voice

look for the presence of a P300 wave

use ultrasound to stimulate the thalamus of coma patients

all of the above

None

Question 6

What is an example of a proposed benefit of consciousness?

virtual space to play out scenarios

control limited attentional resources

justify our actions and discuss with others why we do things

all of the above

None

Question 7

Which of the following is relevant evidence for how implicit and explicit forms of memory retrieval differ?

implicit memory effects may persist for long periods of time

performing an additional task during the learning phase produces substantial impairments on explicit memory

implicit memory is largely intact at birth and does not show change over time

all of the above

None

Question 8

How is conscious/nonconscious quality of implicit learning studied in research?

self-report questionnaire

information & sensitivity criterion

recognition tests

all of the above

None

Question 9

How is cognitive control related to studies of consciousness?

unconscious information could influence the cognitive control system

the priming effect was also involved in prefrontal activity

subliminal primes appeared to influence higher cognitive functioning

all of the above

None

Question 10

Which study has not been involved in investigating free will and consciousness?

Dijksterhuis et al (2006)

Benjamin Libet (1985)

Soon, Brass, Heinze and Haynes (2008)

Peres et al (2015)

None

Question 11

What is a difficulty with previous studies involving free will in the study of consciousness?

brain activity has often been measured in only a small number of regions

the RP neural signature previously studied is not well understood

limitations of self-report

all of the above

None

Question 12

What is the consensus on the concept of free will?

conscious free will is no more than an illusion

there is no consensus

there is no need to invoke explanations involving the unconscious at all

none of the above

None

Time’s up

Chapter 14 – Quiz

Question 1

Which of the following studies demonstrate how cognition is grounded in bodily experience?

Strack et al (1988) – pen in mouth & smile

Eerland et al (2011) 0 bodily posture & judgement

Restle (1970) – mental number line

all of the above

None

Question 2

Which of the following is not a claim of embodied cognition as an approach?

cognition is situated, and takes place in the real world where perceptual information continues to arrive

we use the environment to reduce cognitive workload

both A & B

none of the above

None

Question 3

In contrast to the traditional view, how is the radical embodied approach different?

a coordination between the inner world of the fielder and the external world around them

computationally more complex

the problem is solved ahead of time

all of the above

None

Question 4

How is diet related to cognition?

omega 3 fatty acids maintain efficient synaptic function

vitamins, specifically folates, are associated with overall global cognitive function and psychomotor speed

flavonoids intake is associated with better cognitive performance

all of the above

None

Question 5

The Californian Verbal Learning Test was used to look for evidence in…

randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

benefits of omega 3 fatty acids in diet on cognition

both A & B

none of the above

None

Question 6

Which clinical case has demonstrated the interaction between illness and cognition?

Henry G. Molaison

Phineas Gage

both A & B

none of the above

None

Question 7

The chronic phase for stroke can be broadly thought of as …

1 month

3 weeks

6 months

none of the above

None

Question 8

Cognitive problems often arise in patients with…

cirrhosis

obesity

Korsakoff’s syndrome

all of the above

None

Question 9

Why might obesity be associated with cognitive decline?

obesity elevates brain-derived neurotrophic factor

obesity can induce inflammatory processes in brain cells which can lead to neuronal death and impaired cognition

both A & B

none of the above

None

Question 10

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) can manifest itself as…

impaired attention span

heightened arithmetic ability

unnaturally steady behaviour

speeding up of psychomotor activity

None

Question 11

Which research study is relevant to how end stage renal disease (ESRD) is implicated in cognitive decline?

Hart and Kreutzer (1988)

Buchman et al (2009)

Etgen et al (2009)

all of the above

None

Question 12

Which research study is relevant to how obesity is implicated in cognitive decline?

Beydoun et al (2008)

Dahl and Hassing (2013)

Taras and Potts-Datema (2005)

all of the above

None

Time’s up

Chapter 15 – Quiz

Question 1

What was the journal article that identified questionable research practices (QRPs)?

John, Loewenstein and Prelec (2012)

Pashler & Wagenmakers ( 2012)

Simmons, Nelson and Simnsohn (2011)

Bem (2011)

None

Question 2

Which of the following journals was not a part of the Open Science Collaboration for study of replicability?

Scientific Reports

Psychological Science

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition (JEP:LMC)

None

Question 3

Which of the following is one of the well-known effects in psychology that Zwaan et al. 2018 found to replicate well?

DRM paradigm

repetition priming effect

Simon task

all of the above

None

Question 4

The quality of the research conducted in cognitive psychology is determined by…

how many researchers are involved

reliability and validity

how well the research is written up

all of the above

None

Question 5

Which of the following is not a type of experimental design?

within subjects

between subjects

modeling

mixed design

None

Question 6

What factors might we want to consider when thinking about which participants to recruit?

gender

race/ethnicity

religion

Any of the above depending on the research question

None

Question 7

Which of the following is not part of the BPS principles for Code of Human Research Ethics?

respect for the autonomy, privacy and dignity of individuals, groups, and communities

scientific integrity

economic responsibility

maximizing benefit and minimizing harm

None

Question 8

Which of the following are examples of poor research practice?

poor quality control

p-hacking

publication bias

all of the above

None

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a practical issue with the frequentist approach?

under or over-powered

singular testing

justified stopping of data collection

all of the above

None

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT true about Bayesian testing?

It is comparative in nature

The change in odds from prior to posterior is reflected as a ratio known as the Bayes Factor

A Bayes Factor of 1-3 is weak evidence to support a hypothesis

none of the above

None

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a key component of a journal article?

introduction

methods

results

acknowledgement

None

Question 12

What does the acronym WEIRD stand for?

White, Elite, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic

Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic

Western, Educated, Institutional, Rightwing and Democratic

White, Elite, Institutional, Rightwing and Democratic

None

Time’s up