{"id":3141,"date":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","date_gmt":"2026-09-07T13:15:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/bpscoretextbooks\/content\/chapter-2-historical-and-cross-cultural-views-of-health-and-the-development-of-health-psychology\/chapter-2-flashcards\/"},"modified":"2026-09-07T15:38:35","modified_gmt":"2026-09-07T15:38:35","slug":"chapter-2-flashcards","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/bpscoretextbooks\/9781032707433-chapter-2-flashcards\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 2 &#8211; Flashcards"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Mind-body link\" data-back=\"An individual&#8217;s thoughts and emotions can affect their physical health and physical health can affect thoughts and emotions.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Mind-body link<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An individual&#8217;s thoughts and emotions can affect their physical health and physical health can affect thoughts and emotions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Humoral theory\" data-back=\"An early explanation that imbalances of bodily humours (blood, phlegm black bile and yellow bile) caused disease.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Humoral theory<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An early explanation that imbalances of bodily humours (blood, phlegm black bile and yellow bile) caused disease.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cartesian Dualism\" data-back=\"Based on the views of Descartes that the mind and the body were separate, people&#8217;s thoughts and emotions could not affect physical health.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cartesian Dualism<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Based on the views of Descartes that the mind and the body were separate, people&#8217;s thoughts and emotions could not affect physical health.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Life expectancy\" data-back=\"An approximation of the age that an individual is expected to live to based on their biological sex and age.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Life expectancy<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approximation of the age that an individual is expected to live to based on their biological sex and age.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Health literacy\" data-back=\"Having the skills, knowledge and ability to fin, understand and use health information.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Health literacy<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Having the skills, knowledge and ability to fin, understand and use health information.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Morbidity\" data-back=\"Having a disease or being ill.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Morbidity<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Having a disease or being ill.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Passve smoking\" data-back=\"Inhaling others&#8217; exhaled smoke from tobacco or the side-stream smoking of the tobacco.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Passve smoking<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Inhaling others&#8217; exhaled smoke from tobacco or the side-stream smoking of the tobacco.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Ethnocentric view\" data-back=\"Tendency to think and interpret other cultures and healthcare practices as inferior to your own.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Ethnocentric view<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Tendency to think and interpret other cultures and healthcare practices as inferior to your own.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Spirit world\" data-back=\"The belief that everything has a spirit, ancestors, the land, animals and that they are all connected to the individual.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Spirit world<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The belief that everything has a spirit, ancestors, the land, animals and that they are all connected to the individual.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Intergenerational trauma\" data-back=\"Trauma and pain that is passed down from previous generations, e.g. colonisation. The trauma that affects those who did not experience the original event.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Intergenerational trauma<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Trauma and pain that is passed down from previous generations, e.g. colonisation. The trauma that affects those who did not experience the original event.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Health disparities\" data-back=\"Differences in health outcomes between groups of people, caused by a range of different factors e.g. poverty, educational level, discrimination and colonisation.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Health disparities<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Differences in health outcomes between groups of people, caused by a range of different factors e.g. poverty, educational level, discrimination and colonisation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Culturally appropriated\" data-back=\"where the historically dominant culture takes over elements of a colonised culture, without understanding, respect or permission.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Culturally appropriated<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>where the historically dominant culture takes over elements of a colonised culture, without understanding, respect or permission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Health inequities\" data-back=\"Unfair or unavoidable health differences that are caused by a range of factors e.g. poverty, educational level, culture, ethnicity, colonisation, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Health inequities<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Unfair or unavoidable health differences that are caused by a range of factors e.g. poverty, educational level, culture, ethnicity, colonisation, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cultural awareness\" data-back=\"Learning general facts about the lives, behaviours and beliefs of cultural groups that are different to your own.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cultural awareness<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Learning general facts about the lives, behaviours and beliefs of cultural groups that are different to your own.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cultural competence\" data-back=\"Knowledge of the impact that social and cultural factors can have on people from the non-dominant culture and the importance of treating people with fairly and with respect.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cultural competence<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Knowledge of the impact that social and cultural factors can have on people from the non-dominant culture and the importance of treating people with fairly and with respect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Cultural safety\" data-back=\"The ability to recognise and reflect on power imbalances to ensure that people are safe from discriminatory actions, attitudes and judgements\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Cultural safety<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_c0c47ad5c500a8e121fa648e5413ac04\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The ability to recognise and reflect on power imbalances to ensure that people are safe from discriminatory actions, attitudes and judgements<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        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