{"id":32,"date":"2025-04-18T17:11:38","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T17:11:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/cccm\/?p=32"},"modified":"2025-06-25T16:29:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-25T16:29:23","slug":"chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/cccm\/chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-melody-and-counterpoint\">Melody and Counterpoint<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Through a graduated species approach, you will learn fundamental melodic principles and voice-leading tendencies in this chapter, setting you up for success in subsequent studies of harmony. Topics proceed from an overview of counterpoint and types of contrapuntal motion to an accelerated treatment of first- to fifth-species writing. You will also begin to explore the concept of motivic development.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4805a82d wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-64ebdc97 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-lora-font-family\" id=\"aioseo-spotify-playlist\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">Spotify Playlist<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-spotify wp-block-embed-spotify wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Spotify Embed: CCCM2 Chapter 4 \" style=\"border-radius: 12px\" width=\"100%\" height=\"352\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; fullscreen; picture-in-picture\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/embed\/playlist\/5uTXhrWyD8evTzoIFAmvvw?si=7cde525ffee541b8&#038;utm_source=oembed\"><\/iframe> \n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/open.spotify.com\/playlist\/5uTXhrWyD8evTzoIFAmvvw?si=7cde525ffee541b8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">open in new window<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-cbe5a282 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#abb7c23b;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-audio-examples\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700\">Audio Examples<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032662671\/audio\/chapter4.zip\" title=\"\">Download all audio files<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<media-player id=\"vidstack-audio-block_350ddb125fd6d038b7d935ce7d12e0da\" class=\"vidstack-audio wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\" title=\"4.01 Piano Concerto No 3 Mvt 1\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032662671\/audio\/chapter4.zip\" crossorigin>\n<media-provider><\/media-provider>\n<media-audio-layout color-scheme=\"dark\"><\/media-audio-layout>\n<\/media-player>\n\n<media-player id=\"vidstack-audio-block_a99adce4230e6d3a646a7b0c0d807de2\" class=\"vidstack-audio\" title=\"4.17 Piano Sonanta Op2 No 1\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032662671\/audio\/chapter4\/CH04_17_PianoSonataOp2No1.wav\" crossorigin>\n<media-provider><\/media-provider>\n<media-audio-layout color-scheme=\"dark\"><\/media-audio-layout>\n<\/media-player><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-64ebdc97 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-lora-font-family\" id=\"aioseo-figures\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:500\">Figures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9a79ceae wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480c864d&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480c864d\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"514\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.1_Rachmaninoff-ThemeFINAL.jpg\" alt=\"Rachmaninoff, Piano Concerto no. 3, mvt. I, mm. 3-27\" class=\"wp-image-433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.1_Rachmaninoff-ThemeFINAL.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.1_Rachmaninoff-ThemeFINAL-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.1_Rachmaninoff-ThemeFINAL-768x395.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.1 Rachmaninoff, Piano Concerto no. 3, mvt. I, mm. 3-27<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480c905f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480c905f\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"613\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.2_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Freytag's pyramid\" class=\"wp-image-434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.2_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.2_cropped-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.2_cropped-768x471.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.2 Freytag&#8217;s pyramid<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480c992f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480c992f\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.3.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.3.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.3-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.3 Analysis of Rachmaninoff melody &amp; melody reduction using Freytag&#8217;s dramatic terms<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480ca1c8&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480ca1c8\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"212\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.4_Schindlers-List-First-SpeciesFINAL.jpg\" alt=\"First species counterpoint example using melodic reduction of William's Schindler's List theme\" class=\"wp-image-436\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.4_Schindlers-List-First-SpeciesFINAL.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.4_Schindlers-List-First-SpeciesFINAL-300x64.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.4_Schindlers-List-First-SpeciesFINAL-768x163.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.4 First species counterpoint example using melodic reduction of William&#8217;s Schindler&#8217;s List theme<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9a79ceae wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cabcc&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cabcc\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"383\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.5_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Contrapuntal motion in first species counterpoint\" class=\"wp-image-437\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.5_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.5_cropped-300x115.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.5_cropped-768x294.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.5 Contrapuntal motion in first species counterpoint<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cb40f&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cb40f\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"397\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.6_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"The &quot;gap fill&quot; tendency with large leaps\" class=\"wp-image-438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.6_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.6_cropped-300x119.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.6_cropped-768x305.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.6 The &#8220;gap fill&#8221; tendency with large leaps<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cbc4c&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cbc4c\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"327\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.7_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.7_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.7_cropped-300x98.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.7_cropped-768x251.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.7 Second species counterpoint example using a melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cc459&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cc459\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"321\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.8_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Analysis of melodic motion &amp; range in second species\" class=\"wp-image-440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.8_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.8_cropped-300x96.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.8_cropped-768x247.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.8 Analysis of melodic motion &amp; range in second species<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group gallery-row is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9a79ceae wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cce83&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cce83\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.9.jpg\" alt=\"A comparison between a second species counterpoint and its first species \u201cskeleton\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.9.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.9-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.9-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.9 A comparison between a second species counterpoint and its first species \u201cskeleton\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cd6d5&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cd6d5\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"324\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.10_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Third species counterpoint example using a melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-442\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.10_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.10_cropped-300x97.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.10_cropped-768x249.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.10 Third species counterpoint example using a melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cdf31&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cdf31\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"677\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.11_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"Common measure-length melodic patterns used in 3rd species\" class=\"wp-image-443\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.11_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.11_cropped-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.11_cropped-768x520.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.11 Common measure-length melodic patterns used in 3rd species<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480ce719&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480ce719\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.12.jpg\" alt=\"A comparison between a third species counterpoint and its first species \u201cskeleton\u201d\" class=\"wp-image-444\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.12.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.12-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.12-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.12 A comparison between a third species counterpoint and its first species \u201cskeleton\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group gallery-row is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9a79ceae wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cf117&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cf117\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"224\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.13_Black-Pearl-Fourth-SpeciesFINAL.jpg\" alt=\"Fourth species example using an altered melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d as the counterpoint\" class=\"wp-image-445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.13_Black-Pearl-Fourth-SpeciesFINAL.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.13_Black-Pearl-Fourth-SpeciesFINAL-300x67.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.13_Black-Pearl-Fourth-SpeciesFINAL-768x172.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.13 Fourth species example using an altered melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d as the counterpoint<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480cf96e&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480cf96e\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"230\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.14_Black-Pearl-Fourth-Species-Adding-Bottom.jpg\" alt=\"Fourth species example using an altered melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d as the cantus firmus in the soprano\" class=\"wp-image-446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.14_Black-Pearl-Fourth-Species-Adding-Bottom.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.14_Black-Pearl-Fourth-Species-Adding-Bottom-300x69.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.14_Black-Pearl-Fourth-Species-Adding-Bottom-768x177.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.14 Fourth species example using an altered melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d as the cantus firmus in the soprano<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480d0199&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480d0199\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"225\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.15_Black-Pearl-Fifth-Species-Adding-Bottom.jpg\" alt=\"Fifth species example using an altered melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d as the cantus firmus\" class=\"wp-image-447\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.15_Black-Pearl-Fifth-Species-Adding-Bottom.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.15_Black-Pearl-Fifth-Species-Adding-Bottom-300x68.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.15_Black-Pearl-Fifth-Species-Adding-Bottom-768x173.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.15 Fifth species example using an altered melodic reduction of the theme from \u201cThe Black Pearl\u201d as the cantus firmus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480d0993&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480d0993\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"694\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.16_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"List of melodic embellishments featured in species counterpoint\" class=\"wp-image-448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.16_cropped.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.16_cropped-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig4.16_cropped-768x533.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.16 List of melodic embellishments featured in species counterpoint<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group gallery-row is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9a79ceae wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;6ab1f480d132b&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"6ab1f480d132b\" class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"588\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--pointerdown=\"actions.preloadImage\" data-wp-on--pointerenter=\"actions.preloadImageWithDelay\" data-wp-on--pointerleave=\"actions.cancelPreload\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.17_Beethoven-Op2no1FINAL.jpg\" alt=\"Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 2 no. 1, mm. 1-8\" class=\"wp-image-449\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.17_Beethoven-Op2no1FINAL.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.17_Beethoven-Op2no1FINAL-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/37\/Fig-4.17_Beethoven-Op2no1FINAL-768x452.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-bind--aria-label=\"state.thisImage.triggerButtonAriaLabel\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.thisImage.buttonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.thisImage.buttonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">4.17 Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 1, Op. 2 no. 1, mm. 1-8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-cbe5a282 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#abb7c23b;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700\">Flashcards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click on the word to get the definition<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group wp-embed-aspect-21-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"melody\" data-back=\"a primary musical parameter related to the unfolding of pitches in a linear fashion through time.  A melody can also be thought of as a combination of pitches and rhythms that is perceivable as a single musical unit.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>melody <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a primary musical parameter related to the unfolding of pitches in a linear fashion through time.  A melody can also be thought of as a combination of pitches and rhythms that is perceivable as a single musical unit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"form\" data-back=\"a primary musical parameter related to the overall \u201cshape\u201d of a composition that is created by the combination of individual sections (which, in turn, are forged by thematic design and harmonic structure).\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>form <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a primary musical parameter related to the overall \u201cshape\u201d of a composition that is created by the combination of individual sections (which, in turn, are forged by thematic design and harmonic structure).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"voice leading\" data-back=\"the manner in which contrapuntal voices progress from note to note (individually) and chord to chord (collectively).\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>voice leading <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the manner in which contrapuntal voices progress from note to note (individually) and chord to chord (collectively).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"species counterpoint\" data-back=\"a centuries-old training regimen in counterpoint that is graduated in nature, proceeding incrementally by level or species.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>species counterpoint <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a centuries-old training regimen in counterpoint that is graduated in nature, proceeding incrementally by level or species.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"conjunct\" data-back=\"melodic motion by step.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>conjunct <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>melodic motion by step. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"disjunct\" data-back=\"melodic motion by leap.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>disjunct <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>melodic motion by leap.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"cadence\" data-back=\"a point of rest that signals the completion of a musical idea.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>cadence <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a point of rest that signals the completion of a musical idea.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"step progression\" data-back=\"a large-scale melodic motion between adjacent, structural scale degrees.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>step progression <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a large-scale melodic motion between adjacent, structural scale degrees.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"counterpoint\" data-back=\"a technique that involves combining two or more melodies such that both harmonic unity and melodic independence are achieved.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>counterpoint <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a technique that involves combining two or more melodies such that both harmonic unity and melodic independence are achieved.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"contrapuntal motion\" data-back=\"a description of the manner in which two melodies progress with respect to one another.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>contrapuntal motion <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a description of the manner in which two melodies progress with respect to one another.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"static motion\" data-back=\"a lack of true contrapuntal motion, wherein neither voice changes pitch.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>static motion <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a lack of true contrapuntal motion, wherein neither voice changes pitch.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"oblique motion\" data-back=\"a type of contrapuntal motion that occurs when one voice changes pitch and the other repeats the same note.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>oblique motion <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a type of contrapuntal motion that occurs when one voice changes pitch and the other repeats the same note.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"parallel motion\" data-back=\"a type of contrapuntal motion that exists when two voices move in the same direction and in the same way, preserving the interval size that is created harmonically between the parts.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>parallel motion <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a type of contrapuntal motion that exists when two voices move in the same direction and in the same way, preserving the interval size that is created harmonically between the parts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"similar motion\" data-back=\"a type of contrapuntal motion that takes place when two voices move in the same direction, but in different ways (e.g., one voice moves by step and the other moves by leap in the same direction).\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>similar motion <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a type of contrapuntal motion that takes place when two voices move in the same direction, but in different ways (e.g., one voice moves by step and the other moves by leap in the same direction).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"contrary motion\" data-back=\"a type of contrapuntal motion that exists when two parts progress in opposite directions.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>contrary motion <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a type of contrapuntal motion that exists when two parts progress in opposite directions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"voice exchange\" data-back=\"a melodic scheme in which contrapuntal voices swap pitch classes via contrary stepwise motion.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>voice exchange <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a melodic scheme in which contrapuntal voices swap pitch classes via contrary stepwise motion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"parallel fifths\/octaves\" data-back=\"an objectionable contrapuntal situation involving consecutive perfect intervals of the same type that are connected by parallel motion.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>parallel fifths\/octaves <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an objectionable contrapuntal situation involving consecutive perfect intervals of the same type that are connected by parallel motion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"direct fifths\/octaves\" data-back=\"an objectionable contrapuntal situation that involves a leap in the soprano creating a perfect fifth or octave above the bass that is approached by similar motion.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>direct fifths\/octaves <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an objectionable contrapuntal situation that involves a leap in the soprano creating a perfect fifth or octave above the bass that is approached by similar motion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"cross relation\" data-back=\"an objectionable contrapuntal situation that takes place when different pitch classes sharing the same note letter are used in adjacent temporal positions within different voices.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>cross relation <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an objectionable contrapuntal situation that takes place when different pitch classes sharing the same note letter are used in adjacent temporal positions within different voices.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"voice crossing\" data-back=\"an objectionable contrapuntal situation in which a relatively lower voice (e.g., the alto) is written in a higher register than a higher voice (e.g., the soprano) or vice versa.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>voice crossing <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an objectionable contrapuntal situation in which a relatively lower voice (e.g., the alto) is written in a higher register than a higher voice (e.g., the soprano) or vice versa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"voice overlap\" data-back=\"an objectionable contrapuntal situation wherein the higher voice (e.g., the soprano) leaps to a lower position than the previously used note in the lower voice (e.g., the alto) or vice versa, despite the voices not technically crossing.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>voice overlap <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an objectionable contrapuntal situation wherein the higher voice (e.g., the soprano) leaps to a lower position than the previously used note in the lower voice (e.g., the alto) or vice versa, despite the voices not technically crossing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"passing tone\" data-back=\"a melodic embellishment that is approached by step and left by step in the same direction, filling in the melodic interval of a third.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>passing tone <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a melodic embellishment that is approached by step and left by step in the same direction, filling in the melodic interval of a third.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"embellishment\" data-back=\"a melodic ornament used to decorate a structurally significant tone.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>embellishment <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a melodic ornament used to decorate a structurally significant tone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"neighbor tone\" data-back=\"a melodic embellishment that is approached by step and left by step in the opposite direction, returning to the original note that preceded it.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>neighbor tone <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a melodic embellishment that is approached by step and left by step in the opposite direction, returning to the original note that preceded it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"double neighbor\" data-back=\"a melodic embellishment figure featuring a step in some direction, a leap of a third in the opposite direction between two dissonances, and finally step in the original direction into a consonance.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>double neighbor <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a melodic embellishment figure featuring a step in some direction, a leap of a third in the opposite direction between two dissonances, and finally step in the original direction into a consonance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"nota cambiata\" data-back=\"a melodic embellishment figure featuring consonance on the downbeat, followed by a dissonance that is a step above or below that consonance, a leap of a third out of the dissonance in the same direction as the previous step, and finally two steps in the opposite direction into consonant pitches.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>nota cambiata <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a melodic embellishment figure featuring consonance on the downbeat, followed by a dissonance that is a step above or below that consonance, a leap of a third out of the dissonance in the same direction as the previous step, and finally two steps in the opposite direction into consonant pitches.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"suspension\" data-back=\"an accented melodic embellishment that is approached or \u201cprepared\u201d by a consonant common tone and resolves down by step into another consonance.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>suspension <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>an accented melodic embellishment that is approached or \u201cprepared\u201d by a consonant common tone and resolves down by step into another consonance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"motive\" data-back=\"a salient, identifiable combination of pitch and rhythm that is shorter than a theme yet still represents a musical idea.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>motive <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a salient, identifiable combination of pitch and rhythm that is shorter than a theme yet still represents a musical idea.  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"motivic development\" data-back=\"the process of repeating and altering an initial idea throughout a phrase or piece of music, which simultaneously engenders the traditionally-desired aesthetic attributes of unity and variety.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>motivic development <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>the process of repeating and altering an initial idea throughout a phrase or piece of music, which simultaneously engenders the traditionally-desired aesthetic attributes of unity and variety.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"melodic sequence\" data-back=\"a patterned repetition of a melodic segment at different pitch levels.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>melodic sequence <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a patterned repetition of a melodic segment at different pitch levels.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Rule of Threes\" data-back=\"a compositional guideline stating that one should deviate from the literal repetition of a motive upon its third iteration in order to create interest and avoid monotony.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Rule of Threes <\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>a compositional guideline stating that one should deviate from the literal repetition of a motive upon its third iteration in order to create interest and avoid monotony.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_7084ceb7da0e45071d72cc1989098d29\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 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Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n            announcement.textContent = '';\n        });\n    });\n})();\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-spotify-playlist\">Spotify Playlist<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-audio-examples\">Audio Examples<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-figures\">Figures<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Melody and Counterpoint Through a graduated species approach, you will learn fundamental melodic principles and voice-leading tendencies in this chapter, setting you up for success in subsequent studies of harmony. Topics proceed from an overview of counterpoint and types of contrapuntal motion to an accelerated treatment of first- to fifth-species writing. You will also begin&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO Pro 5.0.1.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Melody and Counterpoint Through a graduated species approach, you will learn fundamental melodic principles and voice-leading tendencies in this chapter, setting you up for success in subsequent studies of harmony. Topics proceed from an overview of counterpoint and types of contrapuntal motion to an accelerated treatment of first- to fifth-species writing. You will also begin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"textbooksonlinegod\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/cccm\/chapter-4\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO Pro (AIOSEO) 5.0.1.1\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Craft of Contemporary Commercial Music - 2nd Edition by Greg McCandless and Daniel McIntyre\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chapter 4 - The Craft of Contemporary Commercial Music\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Melody and Counterpoint Through a graduated species approach, you will learn fundamental melodic principles and voice-leading tendencies in this chapter, setting you up for success in subsequent studies of harmony. 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