{"id":502,"date":"2025-08-21T08:30:44","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:30:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=502"},"modified":"2025-08-21T08:30:44","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:30:44","slug":"chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 3"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Delegated legislation\" data-back=\"Legislation passed not in an Act of Parliament itself but through powers conferred on a body through an Act of Parliament. Most delegated legislation is passed to supplement Acts of Parliament, for example, by providing detailed rules or regulations. Also known as subordinate legislation.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Delegated legislation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Legislation passed not in an Act of Parliament itself but through powers conferred on a body through an Act of Parliament. Most delegated legislation is passed to supplement Acts of Parliament, for example, by providing detailed rules or regulations. Also known as subordinate legislation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Ejusdem generis\" data-back=\"A rule of language that is used in statutory interpretation. In English, it means the &#8216;same kind&#8217; or &#8216;same class&#8217; rule. Where a statute contains a list, such as \u2018cats, dogs and other pets\u2019, an animal not specified within that list will only be included if it is the same kind of animal as those listed. Thus it is likely that a domestic pet, such as a hamster, would be included, but a wild animal, such as a tiger, would not.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Ejusdem generis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A rule of language that is used in statutory interpretation. In English, it means the &#8216;same kind&#8217; or &#8216;same class&#8217; rule. Where a statute contains a list, such as \u2018cats, dogs and other pets\u2019, an animal not specified within that list will only be included if it is the same kind of animal as those listed. Thus it is likely that a domestic pet, such as a hamster, would be included, but a wild animal, such as a tiger, would not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Golden rule\" data-back=\"A common law rule of statutory interpretation. It is a modification of the literal rule and is used to avoid absurdity. The courts may only use the golden rule if there are genuine difficulties in applying the literal rule.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Golden rule<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A common law rule of statutory interpretation. It is a modification of the literal rule and is used to avoid absurdity. The courts may only use the golden rule if there are genuine difficulties in applying the literal rule.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Literal rule\" data-back=\"A common law rule of statutory interpretation. If the wording in a statute is clear, it may be applied literally, which means that it must be given its ordinary meaning.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Literal rule<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A common law rule of statutory interpretation. If the wording in a statute is clear, it may be applied literally, which means that it must be given its ordinary meaning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Lord Chancellor\" data-back=\"One of the common law rules of statutory interpretation. It requires the judge to take into account the &#8216;mischief&#8217; or problem the Act was aimed at remedying, which helps him or her to interpret the meaning of the statute.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Lord Chancellor<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>One of the common law rules of statutory interpretation. It requires the judge to take into account the &#8216;mischief&#8217; or problem the Act was aimed at remedying, which helps him or her to interpret the meaning of the statute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Mischief rule\" data-back=\"One of the common law rules of statutory interpretation. It requires the judge to take into account the &#8216;mischief&#8217; or problem the Act was aimed at remedying, which helps him or her to interpret the meaning of the statute.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Mischief rule<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>One of the common law rules of statutory interpretation. It requires the judge to take into account the &#8216;mischief&#8217; or problem the Act was aimed at remedying, which helps him or her to interpret the meaning of the statute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Noscitur a sociis\" data-back=\"A rule of language that is used in statutory interpretation. It is often described as meaning that &quot; a word is known by the company it keeps&quot; . Effectively, it means that the words in a statute should be read in context.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Noscitur a sociis<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A rule of language that is used in statutory interpretation. It is often described as meaning that &quot; a word is known by the company it keeps&quot; . Effectively, it means that the words in a statute should be read in context.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Orders in Council\" data-back=\"A form of delegated legislation made by the Privy Council.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Orders in Council<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of delegated legislation made by the Privy Council.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Royal Assent\" data-back=\"The final stage required for a Bill to become an Act. The King gives his approval by convention.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Royal Assent<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The final stage required for a Bill to become an Act. The King gives his approval by convention.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Secondary legislation\" data-back=\"Legislation passed under powers delegated by Parliament, rather than by Parliament itself. Secondary legislation is generally much quicker to produce than primary legislation. It is often used to fill in the detail of an Act of Parliament.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Secondary legislation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Legislation passed under powers delegated by Parliament, rather than by Parliament itself. Secondary legislation is generally much quicker to produce than primary legislation. It is often used to fill in the detail of an Act of Parliament.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Statutory instrument\" data-back=\"A piece of secondary legislation, passed under powers delegated by Parliament rather than passing through Parliament itself.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Statutory instrument<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A piece of secondary legislation, passed under powers delegated by Parliament rather than passing through Parliament itself.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_3d5217288a8b6c713e548cfad95aa5b9');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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