{"id":504,"date":"2025-08-21T08:35:28","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:35:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=504"},"modified":"2025-08-21T08:35:29","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:35:29","slug":"chapter-6","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-6\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 6"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Adversarial\" data-back=\"A system which allows two or more competing sides to present and argue their case. The argument is presented before a judge, who makes a decision based on the evidence presented.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Adversarial<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system which allows two or more competing sides to present and argue their case. The argument is presented before a judge, who makes a decision based on the evidence presented.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Civil Procedure Rules (CPR)\" data-back=\"The body of rules relating to procedure in civil courts. These were introduced as part of the Woolf Reforms.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Civil Procedure Rules (CPR)<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The body of rules relating to procedure in civil courts. These were introduced as part of the Woolf Reforms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"County court\" data-back=\"The county court hears civil matters, such as debt repayment and personal injury claims. It deals with relatively straightforward claims.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>County court<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The county court hears civil matters, such as debt repayment and personal injury claims. It deals with relatively straightforward claims.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"High Court of Justice\" data-back=\"Often referred to as the High Court, this is a civil court, divided into the Chancery Division, the Family Division and the Queen&#8217;s Bench Division. It acts as both a Court of First Instance and an appellate court. The High Court sits at the Royal Courts of Justice in London.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>High Court of Justice<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Often referred to as the High Court, this is a civil court, divided into the Chancery Division, the Family Division and the Queen&#8217;s Bench Division. It acts as both a Court of First Instance and an appellate court. The High Court sits at the Royal Courts of Justice in London.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Magistrates&#8217; court\" data-back=\"The lowest court in the court hierarchy. It is presided over by lay magistrates or district judges. Most of a magistrates&#8217; business relates to criminal matters.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Magistrates&#8217; court<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The lowest court in the court hierarchy. It is presided over by lay magistrates or district judges. Most of a magistrates&#8217; business relates to criminal matters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Master of the Rolls\" data-back=\"One of the most senior judges in the English legal system. The Master of the Rolls is the Head of the Civil Court of Appeal.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Master of the Rolls<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>One of the most senior judges in the English legal system. The Master of the Rolls is the Head of the Civil Court of Appeal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Privy Council\" data-back=\"A very old part of government with various functions, including monitoring the work of companies and bodies incorporated by Royal Charter. Its Judicial Committee acts as a final court of appeal in some Commonwealth countries. Many of the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary sit on the Privy Council Judicial Committee. Decisions of the Privy Council are persuasive rather than binding on English courts.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Privy Council<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A very old part of government with various functions, including monitoring the work of companies and bodies incorporated by Royal Charter. Its Judicial Committee acts as a final court of appeal in some Commonwealth countries. Many of the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary sit on the Privy Council Judicial Committee. Decisions of the Privy Council are persuasive rather than binding on English courts.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Puisne judges\" data-back=\"Judges of the High Court. These are more often simply referred to as High Court judges. \u2018Puisne\u2019 is pronounced \u2018pewnee\u2019.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Puisne judges<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Judges of the High Court. These are more often simply referred to as High Court judges. \u2018Puisne\u2019 is pronounced \u2018pewnee\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_2192e6e7bd4e3a127825c096821f4cc9');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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