{"id":514,"date":"2025-08-21T08:44:09","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:44:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=514"},"modified":"2025-08-21T08:44:09","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:44:09","slug":"chapter-15","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-15\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 15"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Arbitration\" data-back=\"A means of settling disputes without having to go to court. The parties are assisted by an independent third party, called the arbitrator, who makes a legally binding decision on the dispute.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Arbitration<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A means of settling disputes without having to go to court. The parties are assisted by an independent third party, called the arbitrator, who makes a legally binding decision on the dispute.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Conciliation\" data-back=\"A form of alternative dispute resolution where the parties try to settle their differences without going to court. The process is assisted by an independent third party, the conciliator, who helps the parties to reach an agreement.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Conciliation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of alternative dispute resolution where the parties try to settle their differences without going to court. The process is assisted by an independent third party, the conciliator, who helps the parties to reach an agreement.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Mediation\" data-back=\"A means of settling disputes without having to go to court. An independent third party, the mediator, acts as a medium through which the parties can communicate and negotiate in order to settle their differences.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Mediation<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A means of settling disputes without having to go to court. An independent third party, the mediator, acts as a medium through which the parties can communicate and negotiate in order to settle their differences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Ombudsman\" data-back=\"An official, usually appointed by Parliament, who hears complaints from individuals about maladministration in both the public and private sectors.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Ombudsman<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An official, usually appointed by Parliament, who hears complaints from individuals about maladministration in both the public and private sectors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_770d82b46728c63e659b491c134cee46');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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