{"id":516,"date":"2025-08-21T08:44:53","date_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:44:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/englishlegalsystem\/?post_type=content&#038;p=516"},"modified":"2025-08-21T08:44:53","modified_gmt":"2025-08-21T08:44:53","slug":"chapter-17","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/englishlegalsystem\/flashcards\/chapter-17\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 17"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\" id=\"swiper-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Inquisitorial\" data-back=\"A system of criminal justice that operates in some European countries but not in England and Wales. Unlike the adversarial system, the judge acts as \u2018inquisitor\u2019, playing an active role in the proceedings and, for example, examining witnesses.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Inquisitorial<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system of criminal justice that operates in some European countries but not in England and Wales. Unlike the adversarial system, the judge acts as \u2018inquisitor\u2019, playing an active role in the proceedings and, for example, examining witnesses.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Interests of justice test\" data-back=\"The first stage of a process used to establish eligibility for criminal legal aid; a test to determine whether it will be in the interests of justice to grant the applicant legal representation. This stage is also known as the \u2018merits test\u2019.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Interests of justice test<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The first stage of a process used to establish eligibility for criminal legal aid; a test to determine whether it will be in the interests of justice to grant the applicant legal representation. This stage is also known as the \u2018merits test\u2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Law centres\" data-back=\"Community organisations offering free legal advice when needed.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Law centres<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Community organisations offering free legal advice when needed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Means test\" data-back=\"The second stage of a process used to establish eligibility for criminal legal aid; a test to measure the applicant&#8217;s financial resources. It is only taken after the applicant has passed the interests of justice test.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Means test<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The second stage of a process used to establish eligibility for criminal legal aid; a test to measure the applicant&#8217;s financial resources. It is only taken after the applicant has passed the interests of justice test.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" data-front=\"Pro bono\" data-back=\"Unpaid legal work by a member of the legal professions.\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\">\n                <p><p>Pro bono<\/p>\n<\/p>\n                <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"flashcard-instruction\">Click to Flip<\/div>\n              <\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Unpaid legal work by a member of the legal professions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div>\n        <div id=\"flip-announcement-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-nav\">\n      \n      <a class=\"swiper-button-prev swiper-button-prev-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"28.067,1 8,21.068 27.569,40.637 32.502,35.704 17.864,21.068 33,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      <div class=\"swiper-pagination swiper-pagination-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\"><\/div>\n      <a class=\"swiper-button-next swiper-button-next-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\"><svg class=\"arrow-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 42 42\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><polygon points=\"13.933,1 34,21.068 14.431,40.637 9.498,35.704 24.136,21.068 9,5.933\"\/><\/svg><\/a>\n      \n    <div>\n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function() {\n    \/\/ Use the unique block ID to target this specific instance\n    var blockId = 'swiper-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15';\n    var swiperElement = document.getElementById(blockId);\n    \n    if (!swiperElement) return;\n\n    var swiper = new Swiper('#' + blockId, {\n        pagination: {\n            el: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-pagination',\n            type: \"fraction\",\n        },\n        navigation: {\n            nextEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-next',\n            prevEl: '#' + blockId + ' .swiper-button-prev',\n        },\n    });\n\n    const flipCards = swiperElement.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n    const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement-block_dfebcef2f815d473566f1101c6ff5f15');\n\n    flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n        flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n            flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n            const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n            \n            if (isFlipped) {\n                announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n            } else {\n                announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n            if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n                event.preventDefault();\n                flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n                const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n                const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n                const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n                \n                if (isFlipped) {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n                } else {\n                    announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n                }\n            }\n        });\n\n        flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n            const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n            announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}. 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