{"id":77,"date":"2025-01-15T14:01:35","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T14:01:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/genecontrol\/?post_type=content&#038;p=77"},"modified":"2025-02-12T08:24:51","modified_gmt":"2025-02-12T08:24:51","slug":"chapter-5-the-epigenome-the-role-of-chromatin-structure-in-gene-control","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/student-resources\/chapter-5-the-epigenome-the-role-of-chromatin-structure-in-gene-control\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 5: The Epigenome &#8211; The Role of Chromatin Structure in Gene Control"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>As discussed in Chapter 1, the processes that control gene expression during cellular differentiation cannot be irreversible since it is possible for the DNA genome of a differentiated cell to give rise to an entire organism containing a wide variety of different cell types. This can occur for example, when differentiated plant cells are cultured under certain conditions or when the nucleus of differentiated animal cells is transplanted into an oocyte (see Chapter 1, Section 1.3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator alignwide has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple-choice questions<\/h2>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"5\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"quiz_name\":\"chapter5\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"0\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"5\",\"pagekey\":\"dTQq9k8R\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":0,\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":1,\"section_comments\":\"\",\"total_questions\":10,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% 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count\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 7\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"1\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"2\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"3\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Too many to count\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"72\":{\"question_id\":\"72\",\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following statements about DNA methylation is correct?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:135:\\\"Maintenance methylation is done in the newly synthesized DNA strand at opposite positions of the methylated sites on the parent strand.\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:130:\\\"De-novo methylation is done in the newly synthesized DNA strand at opposite positions of the methylated sites on the parent strand\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:122:\\\"Both de-novo methylation and maintenance methylation ensures the methylation pattern is inherited from parent to daughters\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:83:\\\"The region of maximum methylation corresponds to active or potentially active genes\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 8\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Maintenance methylation is done in the newly synthesized DNA strand at opposite positions of the methylated sites on the parent strand.\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"De-novo methylation is done in the newly synthesized DNA strand at opposite positions of the methylated sites on the parent strand\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Both de-novo methylation and maintenance methylation ensures the methylation pattern is inherited from parent to daughters\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The region of maximum methylation corresponds to active or potentially active genes\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"73\":{\"question_id\":\"73\",\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following are recognized by DNA repair enzymes?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:16:\\\"5-formylcytosine\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:22:\\\"5-hydroxymethylcytoine\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:14:\\\"Methylcytosine\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:8:\\\"Cytosine\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 9\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"5-formylcytosine\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"5-hydroxymethylcytoine\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Methylcytosine\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Cytosine\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"74\":{\"question_id\":\"74\",\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following statements are false?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:82:\\\"Inhibitory proteins bind to methylated DNA to promote a closed chromatin structure\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:56:\\\"The binding of MeCP2 recruits histone deacetylase enzyme\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:55:\\\"Rett syndrome occurs due to an error in DNA methylation\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:77:\\\"In double stranded DNA, the CG dinucleotide exists as a symmetrical structure\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:11:\\\"Question 10\\\";s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:0;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"answer_columns\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[{\"0\":\"Inhibitory proteins bind to methylated DNA to promote a closed chromatin structure\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"The binding of MeCP2 recruits histone deacetylase enzyme\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"Rett syndrome occurs due to an error in DNA methylation\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"1\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"},{\"0\":\"In double stranded DNA, the CG dinucleotide exists as a symmetrical structure\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script>\t\t<div class='qsm-quiz-container qsm-quiz-container-5 qmn_quiz_container mlw_qmn_quiz qsm_auto_pagination_enabled quiz_theme_default  '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<form name=\"quizForm5\" id=\"quizForm5\" action=\"\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/77\" method=\"POST\" class=\"qsm-quiz-form qmn_quiz_form mlw_quiz_form\" novalidate enctype=\"multipart\/form-data\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" id=\"qsm_hidden_questions\" value=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_nonce\" id=\"qsm_nonce_5\" value=\"725ff30833\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_5\" value=\"69fca0164b18b\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-65 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Transdifferentiation&#8230;..<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIs the process by which stem cells differentaite into multiple cell types\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOccurs only during embryonic development\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tInvolves the conversion of one differentiated cell type directly into another without passing through a stem cell state\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIs a well established therapeutic approach used in regenerative medicine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question65_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_65\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-66 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>What is the best definition of the epigenome?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe complete set of genes in an organism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe genetic material found outside the nucleus\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe physical structure of chromosomes within a cell\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe pattern of chemical modifications on DNA and histones that can regulate gene expression\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question66_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_66\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-67 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>A researcher is attempting to identify the differences between transcribed and non-transcribed DNA. Which of the following methods would be the best for her to use? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question67-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question67_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDnase I digestion\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question67-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question67_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPolymerase Chain Reaction\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question67-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question67_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t3C method\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question67-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question67_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHydrogen Peroxide and Copper treatment\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question67_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_67\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-68 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements are incorrect?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question68-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question68\" id=\"question68_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question68_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe most commonly modifed base in DNA is cytosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question68-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question68\" id=\"question68_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question68_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDemethylation is characteristic of active genes\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question68-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question68\" id=\"question68_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question68_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tApproximately 2-7% of cytosine in mammilian DNA is modified to 3-methylcytosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question68-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question68\" id=\"question68_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question68_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSodium bisulfite can be used to examine all the cytosine residues in DNA\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question68_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question68\" id=\"question68_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_68\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-69 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Deamination of methyl-cytosine residues produces?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question69-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question69\" id=\"question69_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question69_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tUracil\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question69-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question69\" id=\"question69_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question69_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThymine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question69-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question69\" id=\"question69_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question69_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAzacytidine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question69-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question69\" id=\"question69_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question69_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAdenine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question69_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question69\" id=\"question69_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_69\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-70 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following processes does DNA methylation contribute to?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question70-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question70\" id=\"question70_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question70_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNormal development\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question70-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question70\" id=\"question70_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question70_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tX-chromosome inactivation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question70-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question70\" id=\"question70_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question70_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGenomic imprinting\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question70-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question70\" id=\"question70_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question70_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question70_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question70\" id=\"question70_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_70\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-71 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>How many different types of methylation occur in eukaryoic cells?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question71-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question71\" id=\"question71_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question71_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t1\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question71-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question71\" id=\"question71_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question71_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t2\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question71-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question71\" id=\"question71_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question71_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\t3\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question71-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question71\" id=\"question71_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question71_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tToo many to count\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question71_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question71\" id=\"question71_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_71\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-72 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements about DNA methylation is correct?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question72-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question72_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMaintenance methylation is done in the newly synthesized DNA strand at opposite positions of the methylated sites on the parent strand.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question72-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question72_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDe-novo methylation is done in the newly synthesized DNA strand at opposite positions of the methylated sites on the parent strand\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question72-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question72_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBoth de-novo methylation and maintenance methylation ensures the methylation pattern is inherited from parent to daughters\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question72-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question72_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe region of maximum methylation corresponds to active or potentially active genes\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question72_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_72\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-73 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following are recognized by DNA repair enzymes?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t5-formylcytosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\t5-hydroxymethylcytoine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMethylcytosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCytosine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question73_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_73\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-74 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following statements are false?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tInhibitory proteins bind to methylated DNA to promote a closed chromatin structure\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe binding of MeCP2 recruits histone deacetylase enzyme\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRett syndrome occurs due to an error in DNA methylation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIn double stranded DNA, the CG dinucleotide exists as a symmetrical structure\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question74_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_74\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"65Q66Q67Q68Q69Q70Q71Q72Q73Q74Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"5\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading alignwide\" id=\"aioseo-questions-for-discussion\">Questions for Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Describe the role of epigenetic mechanisms in establishing social hierarchy in social insects such as honeybees. Ensure that you discuss how the knowledge of these mechanism can be applied in human society.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Discuss the potential impact of epigenetic modifiers, chemicals used in food production, and other environmental toxins on sex chromosomes and on human endocrine system.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discuss molecular pathways by which diet triggers DNA and histone modification.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare and contrast <em>cis<\/em> vs <em>trans<\/em> epigenetic mechanism(s) that maintain the epigenetic status within a cell.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Epigenetic modifications are programmed during development and are affected by the environment. Make a list of the specific epigenetic examples described in this chapter and classify them as developmentally programmed or environmentally modulated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>5.1 Changes in chromatin structure in active or potentially active genes<\/summary>\n<p>Stalder <a><\/a>J, <a><\/a>Groudin <a><\/a>M, <a><\/a>Dodgson <a><\/a>J.B., <a><\/a>Engel <a><\/a>J.D. &amp; <a><\/a>Weintraub <a><\/a>H (<a><\/a>1980) <a><\/a>Hb switching in chickens. <a><\/a>Cell <a><\/a>19:<a><\/a>973\u2013980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Weintraub, H., &amp; Groudine, M. (1976). Chromosomal subunits in active genes have an altered conformation. Science (New York, N.Y.), 193(4256), 848\u2013856. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.948749\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.948749<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>5.2 Alterations in DNA methylation in active or potentially active genes<\/summary>\n<p>Angeloni, A., &amp; Bogdanovic, O. (2021). Sequence determinants, function, and evolution of CpG islands. Biochemical Society Transactions, 49(3), 1109\u20131119. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20200695\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20200695<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H\u00e9berl\u00e9, \u00c9., &amp; Bardet, A. F. (2019). Sensitivity of transcription factors to DNA methylation. Essays in Biochemistry, 63(6), 727\u2013741. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/EBC20190033\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/EBC20190033<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lee, J., Hyeon, D. Y., &amp; Hwang, D. (2020). Single-cell multiomics: Technologies and data analysis methods. Experimental &amp; Molecular Medicine, 52(9), 1428\u20131442. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0420-2\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-020-0420-2<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Liu, W., Wu, G., Xiong, F., &amp; Chen, Y. (2021). Advances in the DNA methylation hydroxylase TET1. Biomarker Research, 9(1), 76. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-021-00331-7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-021-00331-7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mattei, A. L., Bailly, N., &amp; Meissner, A. (2022). DNA methylation: A historical perspective. Trends in Genetics: TIG, 38(7), 676\u2013707. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2022.03.010\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2022.03.010<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Papin, C., Le Gras, S., Ibrahim, A., Salem, H., Karimi, M. M., Stoll, I., \u2026 Hamiche, A. (2021). CpG Islands Shape the Epigenome Landscape. Journal of Molecular Biology, 433(6), 166659. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.09.018\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.09.018<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ross, S. E., &amp; Bogdanovic, O. (2019). TET enzymes, DNA demethylation and pluripotency. Biochemical Society Transactions, 47(3), 875\u2013885. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20180606\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20180606<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stewart-Morgan, K. R., Petryk, N., &amp; Groth, A. (2020). Chromatin replication and epigenetic cell memory. Nature Cell Biology, 22(4), 361\u2013371. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41556-020-0487-y\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41556-020-0487-y<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a>Zhang, H., Lang, Z., &amp; Zhu, J.-K. (2018). Dynamics and function of DNA methylation in plants. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 19(8), 489\u2013506. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-018-0016-z5.3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-018-0016-z5.3<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>5.3 Modification of histones in the chromatin of active or potentially active genes<\/summary>\n<p>Balasubramani <a><\/a>A &amp; <a><\/a>Rao <a><\/a>A (<a><\/a>2013) <a><\/a><em>O<\/em>-GlcNacylation and 5-methylcytosine oxidation: an unexpected association between OGT and TETs. <a><\/a>Mol Cell <a><\/a>49:<a><\/a>618\u2013619.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Black <a><\/a>J.C. (<a><\/a>2012) <a><\/a>Histone lysine methylation dynamics: establishment, regulation, and biological impact. <a><\/a>Mol Cell <a><\/a>48:<a><\/a>491\u2013507.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>de Mendoza, A. (2023). A mammalian DNA methylation landscape. Science (New York, N.Y.), 381(6658), 602\u2013603. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adj4904\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.adj4904<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fuhrmann, J., &amp; Thompson, P. R. (2016). Protein Arginine Methylation and Citrullination in Epigenetic Regulation. ACS Chemical Biology, 11(3), 654\u2013668. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschembio.5b00942\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschembio.5b00942<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Greer <a><\/a>E.L. &amp; <a><\/a>Shi <a><\/a>Y (<a><\/a>2012) <a><\/a>Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance. <a><\/a>Nat Rev Genet <a><\/a>13:<a><\/a>343\u2013357.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kooistra <a><\/a>S.M. &amp; <a><\/a>Helin <a><\/a>K (<a><\/a>2012) <a><\/a>Molecular mechanisms and potential functions of histone demethylases. <a><\/a>Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol <a><\/a>13:<a><\/a>297\u2013311.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kuroda, M. I., Kang, H., De, S., &amp; Kassis, J. A. (2020). Dynamic Competition of Polycomb and Trithorax in Transcriptional Programming. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 89, 235\u2013253. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biochem-120219-103641\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-biochem-120219-103641<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Schoelz, J. M., &amp; Riddle, N. C. (2022). Functions of HP1 proteins in transcriptional regulation. Epigenetics &amp; Chromatin, 15(1), 14. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13072-022-00453-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13072-022-00453-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zhu, Y., &amp; Hart, G. W. (2021). Nutrient regulation of the flow of genetic information by O-GlcNAcylation. Biochemical Society Transactions, 49(2), 867\u2013880. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20200769\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BST20200769<\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>5.4 Interaction of different histone modifications, DNA methylation, and regulatory RNAs<\/summary>\n<p>Cecere, G. (2021). Small RNAs in epigenetic inheritance: From mechanisms to trait transmission. Febs Letters, 595(24), 2953\u20132977. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.14210\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1873-3468.14210<\/a> &nbsp;<a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Di Ruscio <a><\/a>A, <a><\/a>Ebralidze <a><\/a>A.K., <a><\/a>Benoukraf <a><\/a>T <a><\/a>et al. (<a><\/a>2013) <a><\/a>DNMT1-interacting RNAs block gene-specific DNA methylation. <a><\/a>Nature <a><\/a>503:<a><\/a>371\u2013376.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Erdmann, R. M., &amp; Picard, C. L. (2020). RNA-directed DNA Methylation. PLoS Genetics, 16(10), e1009034. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009034\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009034<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Huang, S., Yoshitake, K., &amp; Asakawa, S. (2021). A Review of Discovery Profiling of PIWI-Interacting RNAs and Their Diverse Functions in Metazoans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(20), 11166. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222011166\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222011166<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Johnson, K. C., &amp; Corey, D. R. (2023). RNAi in cell nuclei: Potential for a new layer of biological regulation and a new strategy for therapeutic discovery. RNA, 29(4), 415\u2013422. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1261\/rna.079500.122\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1261\/rna.079500.122<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Li, Y., Chen, X., &amp; Lu, C. (2021). The interplay between DNA and histone methylation: Molecular mechanisms and disease implications. EMBO Reports, 22(5), e51803. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.202051803\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.202051803<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Statello, L., Guo, C.-J., Chen, L.-L., &amp; Huarte, M. (2021). Gene regulation by long non-coding RNAs and its biological functions. Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, 22(2), 96\u2013118. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-020-00315-9\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-020-00315-9<\/a> <a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>5.5 Changes in chromatin structure in the regulatory regions of active or potentially active genes<\/summary>\n<p>Reyes, A. A., Marcum, R. D., &amp; He, Y. (2021). Structure and Function of Chromatin Remodelers. Journal of Molecular Biology, 433(14), 166929. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166929\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166929<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Singh, A. K., &amp; Mueller-Planitz, F. (2021). Nucleosome Positioning and Spacing: From Mechanism to Function. Journal of Molecular Biology, 433(6), 166847. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166847\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.166847<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a>Yaniv <a><\/a>M (<a><\/a>2009) <a><\/a>Small DNA tumour viruses and their contributions to our understanding of transcription control. <a><\/a>Virology <a><\/a>384:<a><\/a>369\u2013374.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a>Zaret <a><\/a>K.S. &amp; <a><\/a>Carroll <a><\/a>J.S. (<a><\/a>2011) <a><\/a>Pioneer transcription factors: establishing competence for gene expression. <a><\/a>Genes Dev <a><\/a>25:<a><\/a>2227\u20132241.<a><\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>5.6 Other situations in which chromatin structure is regulated<\/summary>\n<p>Batista, R. A., &amp; K\u00f6hler, C. (2020). Genomic imprinting in plants-revisiting existing models. Genes &amp; Development, 34(1\u20132), 24\u201336. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.332924.119\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gad.332924.119<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a><a><\/a>Furman, B. L. S., Metzger, D. C. H., Darolti, I., Wright, A. E., Sandkam, B. A., Almeida, P., Shu, J. J., &amp; Mank, J. E. (2020). Sex Chromosome Evolution: So Many Exceptions to the Rules. Genome Biology and Evolution, 12(6), 750\u2013763. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evaa081\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evaa081<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Furlan, G., &amp; Galupa, R. (2022). Mechanisms of Choice in X-Chromosome Inactivation. Cells, 11(3), 535. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11030535\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11030535<\/a>  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bartolomei, M. S., Oakey, R. J., &amp; Wutz, A. (2020). Genomic imprinting: An epigenetic regulatory system. PLoS Genetics, 16(8), e1008970. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008970\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008970<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Loda, A., &amp; Heard, E. (2019). Xist RNA in action: Past, present, and future. PLoS Genetics, 15(9), e1008333. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008333\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008333<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trotman, J. B., &amp; Calabrese, J. M. (2020). How to silence an X chromosome. Nature, 578(7795), 365\u2013366. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-00207-0\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-00207-0<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tucci, V., Isles, A. R., Kelsey, G., Ferguson-Smith, A. C., &amp; Erice Imprinting Group. (2019). Genomic Imprinting and Physiological Processes in Mammals. Cell, 176(5), 952\u2013965. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.043\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2019.01.043<\/a><\/p>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:30%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-fe9cc265 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple-choice questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-questions-for-discussion\">Questions for Discussion<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":21,"menu_order":0,"template":"single-chapter","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-77","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/77","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/21"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/genecontrol\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=77"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}