{"id":23,"date":"2025-08-12T20:05:05","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T20:05:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/?p=23"},"modified":"2025-09-05T16:39:47","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:39:47","slug":"chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group subtitle-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a77db08e wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-4\">Chapter 4<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Aristotle on Rhetoric&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f8d88e3b wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fff1e894;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-overview\">Chapter Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">Aristotle set out to present a systematic treatment of the art of rhetoric. His discussion of rhetoric remains one of the most complete and insightful ever penned, and certainly the most influential. Rhetoric was, for Aristotle, \u201cthe faculty of discovering the available means of persuasion in any setting.\u201d It was not limited to one class of subjects, reasoned to probable conclusions, and could be deployed to develop arguments on either side of an issue. Rhetoric adapted messages to large audiences made up of people who lacked special training in reasoning. Moreover, rhetoric addressed questions of public significance that engaged the community\u2019s most important values, such as those regarding happiness, virtue, and justice. Aristotle\u2019s treatment of rhetoric still provides the foundation for much instruction in both speaking and writing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-review-questions\">Review Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032813141\/reviewquestions\/ReviewQuestionsChapter4.docx\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;background-color:#064a6d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download Worksheet<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tap to reveal the author&#8217;s responses when you&#8217;re ready to check your answers.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"accordionGroup\" class=\"accordion-isr\">\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-0\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-0\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                1.\tHow is Aristotle\u2019s view of rhetoric different from Plato\u2019s?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-0\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Plato saw rhetoric as the methods of persuasive language used by the Sophists. He did not believe it was a true art, and he was concerned that in the hands of unjust people rhetoric was a dangerous tool. Aristotle disagrees, firstly, by saying it is a true art and can therefore be systematically studied. Rhetoric is more than just persuasive speech; it is a systematic study of arguments and appeals. Rhetoric was an art of investigation and expression.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-1\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-1\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                2.\tAristotle called rhetoric the counterpart (antistrophos) of dialectic. In what ways are the two arts similar, and how are they different?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-1\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Some of the similarities between rhetoric and dialectic are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They both begin with <em>endoxa<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>They both deal with questions that do not belong to a specific science or art.<\/li>\n<li>They both can argue either side of a case.<\/li>\n<li>They both deal with questions that concern everyone.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some of the differences between rhetoric and dialectic are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rhetoric addresses larger groups while dialectic addresses small groups of experts.<\/li>\n<li>Rhetoric is delivered in the form of a speech while dialectic is a process of questions and answers.<\/li>\n<li>Rhetoric deals with specific questions while dialectic deals with general questions.<\/li>\n<li>Rhetoric uses <em>logos<\/em>, <em>pathos<\/em>, and <em>ethos<\/em>, while dialectic employs only arguments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rhetoric\u2019s fundamental component is the <em>enthymeme<\/em> while dialectic\u2019s fundamental component is the formal syllogism.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-2\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-2\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                3.\tFor what reasons is rhetoric useful, according to Aristotle?                  <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-2\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Aristotle gives several reasons for why rhetoric is a useful art:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>While there is a natural tendency for the truth to prevail, in public settings it often requires the advocacy of capable speakers and writers.<\/li>\n<li>Rhetoric adapts complex ideas to ordinary audiences.<\/li>\n<li>Rhetoric allows one to argue both sides of a case.<\/li>\n<li>Rhetoric is verbal self-defense<\/li>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-3\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-3\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                4.\tWhat does Aristotle mean by \u201cartistic proofs\u201d (entechnoi pisteis)?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-3\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>When addressing whether rhetoric is a <em>techne<\/em>, these artistic proofs represent what the art of rhetoric studies. The three artistic proofs that are the proper study of rhetoric as a <em>techne<\/em> are <em>logos<\/em>,<em> pathos<\/em>, and <em>ethos<\/em>.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-4\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-4\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                5.\tWhat role does Jeffrey Walker find that epideictic discourse played in ancient Greece?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc93189d20b-4\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Epideictic oratory was employed at public ceremonies such as funerals or commemorations of war heroes. According to Walker, epideictic discourse shaped and reinforced public values.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n<\/div><!--end panel group-->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Put your Chapter 4 knowledge to the test!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-width:1px\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"4\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"4\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 4\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":0,\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"4\",\"pagekey\":\"NLW3T0DY\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":\"0\",\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":\"0\",\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":\"\",\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":\"0\",\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":\"1\",\"section_comments\":1,\"total_questions\":10,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\",\"empty_grid_radio_checkbox_text\":\"Please complete all rows are required fields\",\"empty_audio_text\":\"Please upload audio!\"},\"question_list\":{\"61\":{\"question_id\":\"61\",\"quiz_id\":\"4\",\"question_name\":\"Aristotle showed hesitancy to classify rhetoric and dialectic as exactly like other technai. What distinctive type of technai does he classify them as? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:32:\\\"Arts of writing and instruction \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:33:\\\"Arts of deception and impression \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:37:\\\"Arts of investigation and expression \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:18:\\\"None of the above 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\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"62\":{\"question_id\":\"62\",\"quiz_id\":\"4\",\"question_name\":\"Which type of oratory does Aristotle say deals with issues of praise and blame, sought to demonstrate what is honorable, and characterized public ceremonies such as funerals. \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:13:\\\"Deliberative \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:12:\\\"Incarcerous \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:11:\\\"Epideictic \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Forensic 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a component of the artistic proof of ethos? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:7:\\\"Eunoia \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:6:\\\"Arete \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:11:\\\"Eudaimonia \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:11:\\\"Phronesis  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rhetoric\\u2019s usefulness is, \\u201cWe must be able to employ persuasion on opposite sides of a question \\u2026 in order that we may see clearly what the facts are.\\u201d What Sophistic principle does this connect with? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:17:\\\"Nomos vs. Physis \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:13:\\\"Dissoi logoi \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:12:\\\"Psychagogos \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:7:\\\"Kairos 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class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-61 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Aristotle showed hesitancy to classify rhetoric and dialectic as exactly like other technai. 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\/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_61\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-62 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which type of oratory does Aristotle say deals with issues of praise and blame, sought to demonstrate what is honorable, and characterized public ceremonies such as funerals. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDeliberative\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncarcerous\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEpideictic\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question62-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question62_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tForensic\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question62_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question62\" id=\"question62_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_62\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-63 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is not a component of the artistic proof of ethos? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEunoia\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tArete\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEudaimonia\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question63-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question63_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPhronesis\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question63_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question63\" id=\"question63_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_63\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-64 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>One of the reasons Aristotle gives for rhetoric\u2019s usefulness is, \u201cWe must be able to employ persuasion on opposite sides of a question \u2026 in order that we may see clearly what the facts are.\u201d What Sophistic principle does this connect with? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNomos vs. Physis\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDissoi logoi\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPsychagogos\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question64-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question64_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tKairos\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question64_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question64\" id=\"question64_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_64\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-65 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Greeks during Aristotle\u2019s time did not make a sharp distinction between thinking and speaking, meaning that words almost always implied oral expression.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question65-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question65_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question65_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question65\" id=\"question65_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_65\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-67 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>One function of epideictic address, which was oratory that took place at ceremonies, was to shape and cultivate the basic codes of value and belief by which the society and culture lived.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question67-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question67_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question67-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question67_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question67_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question67\" id=\"question67_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_67\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-66 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Aristotle believed that delivery was the most important aspect of rhetoric, and that stylized speaking was the most powerful tool to persuade audiences. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question66-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question66_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question66_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question66\" id=\"question66_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_66\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-68 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Central to Aristotle\u2019s treatment of rhetoric is the type of argument called the <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question68[]' \/>. Literally translated as something like, \u201cgrasped internally,\u201d this type of argument is a rhetorical syllogism based on a premise shared by a speaker and the audience.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-69 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question69[]' \/> was the artistic proof that Aristotle says dealt with rationality, and studied the arguments employed in decision-making.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-70 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Aristotle says rhetoric is the counterpart of <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question70[]' \/>, which he outlines as a method of reasoning from common opinions, directed by established principles of reasoning to probable conclusions.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"61Q62Q63Q64Q65Q67Q66Q68Q69Q70Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"4\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;Think you know the term? Click to check!&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The Greek term for human well-being or happiness, the goal of deliberative oratory. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>eudaimonia<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The Greek term for making an argument of defense, one of two functions of forensic oratory. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>apologia<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The Greek term for Aristotle\u2019s universal lines of argument or common topics; arguments and strategies useful in any of the three types of oratorical settings.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>koinoi topoi <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The study of human character, one of the three artistic proofs.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>ethos<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The study of arguments, one of Aristotle\u2019s three artistic proofs.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>logos<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The study of the psychology of emotion, one of Aristotle\u2019s three artistic proofs. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>pathos<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Virtue, discussed as one component of ethos. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>arete<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Proofs taught specifically by the art of rhetoric\u2014logos, pathos, and ethos. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>artistic proofs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A method of reasoning from common opinions, directed by established principles of reasoning to probable conclusions.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>dialectic<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A rhetorical syllogism, or a rhetorical argument based on a premise shared by speaker and audience. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>enthymeme<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The kind of speaking characteristic of public ceremonies such as funerals or events commemorating war heroes.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>epideictic or ceremonial oratory<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n 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flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-essay-questions\">Essay Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In <em>Gorgias<\/em>, Plato argues that rhetoric is a knack, and not a <em>techne <\/em>or true art. In <em>Rhetoric<\/em>, Aristotle argues that rhetoric is a <em>techne<\/em>. Explain why Aristotle takes this position. If rhetoric is a true art, what does the art allow one to accomplish, and about what sorts of things does it instruct one?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aristotle claimed that the art of rhetoric was built on a type of argument he termed the <em>enthymeme<\/em>. He also held that rhetoric involved the study of three artistic proofs, and that rhetoric could be divided into three general categories according to the settings in which it occurred and the issues that it addressed. Explain Aristotle\u2019s understanding of the <em>enthymeme<\/em>. What distinguishes an <em>enthymeme<\/em> from other sorts of arguments, such as the syllogism of dialectic? Identify and briefly describe Aristotle\u2019s three artistic proofs. What are the various types of settings, and the kinds of issues with which each deals?&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dive deeper with hand-picked online resources&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A look at <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/UcSV1QquvKI?si=BxcPZBqHumRoKeWr\">Plato\u2019s Academy today<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/let-their-words-do-the-talking\/202501\/unveiling-the-enthymeme#:~:text=Contemporary%20Relevance,capture%20attention%20and%20drive%20engagement\">Enthymeme application<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demonstration of deliberative oratory in <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/zrp-v2tHaDo?si=nhSyLybQQoqxuarP\">Obama\u2019s \u201cA More Perfect Union\u201d Speech<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demonstration of epideictic oratory in <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/fR-PReWhMGM?si=zs2bWzi7UKkokimS\">Martin Luther King Jr.\u2019s \u201cI Have a Dream\u201d speech<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Demonstration of forensic oratory in <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/6KKc-clqOGY?si=sgrIZJ2MEpRDX4-G\">Rep. Schiff\u2019s closing argument in Donald Trump\u2019s first impeachment trial<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-recommended-readings\">Recommended Readings <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Want to learn more? Check out these bonus readings!&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aristotle, <em>Rhetoric<\/em>. Trans. W. Rhys Roberts. New York: Modern Library, 1954.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Aristotle on Rhetoric: A Theory of Civic Discourse<\/em>. Trans. and Ed. George Kennedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Aristotle: The Classical Heritage of Rhetoric<\/em>. Ed. Keith V. Erickson. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Larry Arnhart. <em>Aristotle on Political Reasoning<\/em>. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1981.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lloyd F. Bitzer. \u201cAristotle\u2019s Enthymeme Revisited.\u201d <em>Quarterly Journal of Speech <\/em>45 (1959): 399\u2013408.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barry Brummett, <em>Reading Rhetorical Theory<\/em> (Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, TX: 2000), 26.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle<\/em>. Ed. Jonathan Barnes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thomas M. Conley. \u201c\u2018Logical Hylomorphism\u2019 and Aristotle\u2019s <em>Koinoi Topoi<\/em>.\u201d <em>Central States Speech Journal<\/em> 29 (Summer, 1978): 92\u201397.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>W. W. Fortenbaugh. <em>Aristotle on Emotion<\/em>. New York: Barnes &amp; Noble, 1975.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>James L. Golden, Goodwin F. Berquist, William E. Coleman, and J. Michael Sproule. <em>The Rhetoric of Western Thought: From the Mediterranean World to the Global Setting<\/em>. 8th ed. (Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall\/Hunt, 2004), 65; 77.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>William Grimaldi. <em>Aristotle, Rhetoric I: A Commentary<\/em>. New York: Fordham University Press, 1980. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ekaterina Haskins. <em>Logos and Power in Isocrates and Aristotle<\/em>. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Gerard A. Hauser. \u201cThe Example in Aristotle\u2019s <em>Rhetoric<\/em>: Bifurcation or Contradiction?\u201d <em>Philosophy and Rhetoric <\/em>1 (1968): 78\u201390.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Donovan J. Ochs. \u201cAristotle\u2019s Concept of Formal Topics\u201d. <em>Speech Monographs <\/em>36 (1969): 419\u2013425.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Peripatetic Rhetoric After Aristotle<\/em>. Ed. W. W. Fortenbaugh and D. C. Mirhady. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994.<br>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-chapter-overview\">Chapter Overview<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-review-questions\">Review Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-essay-questions\">Essay Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-recommended-readings\">Recommended Readings<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 4 Aristotle on Rhetoric&nbsp; Chapter Overview Aristotle set out to present a systematic treatment of the art of rhetoric. His discussion of rhetoric remains one of the most complete and insightful ever penned, and certainly the most influential. Rhetoric was, for Aristotle, \u201cthe faculty of discovering the available means of persuasion in any setting.\u201d&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":295,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23\/revisions\/295"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}