{"id":26,"date":"2025-08-12T20:12:07","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T20:12:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/?p=26"},"modified":"2025-09-05T16:40:22","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:40:22","slug":"chapter-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/chapter-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 5"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group subtitle-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a77db08e wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-5\">Chapter 5<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Rhetoric at Rome&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f8d88e3b wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fff1e894;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-overview\">Chapter Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><strong>Chapter Five<\/strong> considers rhetoric in the Roman world as a path to political power, personal success, and participation in civic life. Rhetorical training was a key to influence and personal advancement, but was also a means of advancing traditional Roman values. Rhetoric also came to be viewed as the means of achieving distinction and grace in writing. Roman theorists such as Cicero and Quintilian developed the <em>loci<\/em> of judicial pleading to a very high level of sophistication. Longinus also employed the insights of Greek rhetoric to transform the Latin language, considered rough and vulgar by the Greeks, into one of the great beauty, power, and subtlety of expression.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-review-questions\">Review Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032813141\/reviewquestions\/ReviewQuestionsChapter5.docx\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;background-color:#064a6d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download Worksheet<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tap to reveal the author&#8217;s responses when you&#8217;re ready to check your answers.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"accordionGroup\" class=\"accordion-isr\">\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-0\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-0\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                1.\tWhat are Cicero\u2019s five canons of rhetoric?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-0\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Invention (<em>inventio<\/em>): The discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments.<\/p>\n<p>Arrangement (<em>dispositio<\/em>): The distribution of arguments in the proper order.<\/p>\n<p>Expression (<em>elocutio<\/em>): Using the proper language for arguments.<\/p>\n<p>Memory (<em>memoria<\/em>): Having a firm mental grasp on the words and matter of a speech.<\/p>\n<p>Delivery (<em>pronuntiatio<\/em>): Control over voice and body in a manner fitting to the style and subject matter of the speech.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-1\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-1\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                2.\tInto what two general categories did Cicero divide his loci of judicial pleading?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-1\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Cicero\u2019s two general categories of <em>loci<\/em> for judicial pleading included: the attributes of the person and the attributes of the act. Roman culture valued personal character, so addressing the attributes of a person was persuasive in a courtroom. Secondly, the attributes of the act were aimed at addressing the nature of a particular act, its consequences, how it was performed, etc. The attributes of an act resemble issues that might be brought up in a modern courtroom.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-2\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-2\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                3.\tWhat were the five parts of a speech that Quintilian taught to his students?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-2\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p><em>Exordium<\/em>: The introduction, designed to get the audience\u2019s attention.<\/p>\n<p><em>Narratio<\/em>: This was a statement of the facts necessary to understanding the case.<\/p>\n<p><em>Confirmatio<\/em>: This section dealt with the evidence that would support claims proposed in the <em>narratio<\/em>.<em>\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Confutatio<\/em>: The part of the speech that addressed counterarguments.<\/p>\n<p><em>Peroratio<\/em>: The conclusion, which presented the full strength of the case being made.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-3\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-3\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                4.\tIn what three ways did Longinus extend the rhetorical tradition?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-3\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Longinus advanced the rhetorical tradition in several ways. First, he emphasized the emotional power of words. Second, Longinus marked a shift from rhetoric\u2019s interest in the spoken word to that of the written word. Finally, Longinus extended the rhetorical tradition as the inventor of literary criticism. He began the systematic analysis of written texts and how they can affect an audience.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-4\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-4\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                5.\tWhat factors characterized the Second Sophistic?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fc928d7c889-4\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>The Second Sophistic was characterized by the rise of \u201cdisplay rhetoric\u201d in Rome that emphasized style over content. This occurred primarily in the Greek provinces of the Roman Empire and was guided by Greek rhetoricians. These Sophists were, like their earlier Greek counterparts, teachers and entertainers. With the decline of democracy, political public discourse was suppressed.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n<\/div><!--end panel group-->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Put your Chapter 5 knowledge to the test!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-width:1px\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"5\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 5\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":0,\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"5\",\"pagekey\":\"uCLTD6fL\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":\"0\",\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":\"0\",\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":\"\",\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":\"0\",\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":\"1\",\"section_comments\":1,\"total_questions\":10,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum 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gave to the part of a judicial speech that was designed to offer evidence to support the claims of the speech?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Narratio \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:10:\\\"Peroratio \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:11:\\\"Confutatio \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:12:\\\"Confirmatio 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one of the five sources of great writing outlined in On the Sublime? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:26:\\\"Understanding of audience \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:27:\\\"Vigor of mental conception \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:28:\\\"Strong and inspired emotion \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:20:\\\"Nobility of diction 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\",\"1\":\"\",\"2\":\"\",\"3\":\"\",\"label\":\"\"}]},\"75\":{\"question_id\":\"75\",\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following options expresses the three functions Cicero assigns to oratory? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:39:\\\"To teach, to delight, and to persuade  \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:39:\\\"To invent, to succeed, and to persuade \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:40:\\\"To teach, to succeed, and to legislate  \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:37:\\\"To achieve, to attack, and to defend 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class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-72 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following was the focus of a system developed by Cicero to discover arguments by identifying where points of conflict or disagreement would take place in a case or debate? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question72-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question72_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLoci\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question72-2 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for=\"question72_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTopoi\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question72_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question72\" id=\"question72_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_72\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-73 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 2 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following was the name Quintilian gave to the part of a judicial speech that was designed to offer evidence to support the claims of the speech?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNarratio\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPeroratio\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tConfutatio\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question73-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question73_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tConfirmatio\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question73_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question73\" id=\"question73_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_73\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-74 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is not one of the five sources of great writing outlined in On the Sublime? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tUnderstanding of audience\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tVigor of mental conception\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStrong and inspired emotion\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question74-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question74_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNobility of diction\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question74_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question74\" id=\"question74_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_74\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-75 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following options expresses the three functions Cicero assigns to oratory? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question75-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question75\" id=\"question75_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question75_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo teach, to delight, and to persuade\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question75-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question75\" id=\"question75_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question75_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo invent, to succeed, and to persuade\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question75-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question75\" id=\"question75_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question75_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo teach, to succeed, and to legislate\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question75-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question75\" id=\"question75_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question75_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo achieve, to attack, and to defend\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question75_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question75\" id=\"question75_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_75\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-76 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The Second Sophistic marked rhetoric\u2019s prominence as a means of shaping policy and legislation in the Roman Empire. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question76-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question76\" id=\"question76_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question76_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question76-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question76\" id=\"question76_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question76_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question76_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question76\" id=\"question76_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_76\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-77 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The Roman emperors\u2019 openness to public discourse contributed to Quintilian\u2019s approach to rhetoric.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question77-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question77\" id=\"question77_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question77_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question77-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question77\" id=\"question77_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question77_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question77_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question77\" id=\"question77_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_77\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-78 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The Roman\u2019s legal code was vastly more complex than that used by the Athenians, and therefore Roman orators had a particular interest in judicial argument.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question78-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question78\" id=\"question78_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question78_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question78-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question78\" id=\"question78_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question78_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question78_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question78\" id=\"question78_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_78\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-79 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Roman culture placed less value on the individual citizen than in the collective response of the <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question79[]' \/>, the Latin term for the citizenry and its legitimate rights and concerns.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-80 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Cicero\u2019s third canon of rhetoric <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question80[]' \/>, the Latin term for expression, focused on \u201cthe fitting of the proper language to the invented materials.\u201d<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-81 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question81[]' \/> was the Roman rhetorician who is credited as the inventor of literary criticism and emphasized rhetoric\u2019s application to good writing<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"72Q73Q74Q75Q76Q77Q78Q79Q80Q81Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"5\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;Think you know the term? Click to check!&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Latin term for &quot; to delight&quot; ; one of Cicero\u2019s three functions or goals of rhetoric.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>delectare<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The distribution of arguments thus discovered in the proper order, one of Cicero\u2019s five canons of oratory.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>dispositio or arrangement<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Latin term for &quot; to teach&quot; ; one of Cicero\u2019s three functions or goals of rhetoric.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>docere<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The fitting of the proper language to the invented material of a speech, one of Cicero\u2019s five canons of rhetoric.  <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>elocutio or style<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gatherings of citizens in the Forum.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>contio<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The discovery of valid or seemingly valid arguments.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>inventio or invention<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Systems for discovering arguments.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>topica or topical systems<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Latin term for &quot; to persuade, or to move an audience\u2019s emotions&quot; ; one of Cicero\u2019s three functions or goals of rhetoric.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>movere<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The orator as a leader who embodied and articulated the society\u2019s values.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>perfectus orator or complete orator<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The control of voice and body in a manner suitable to the dignity of the subject matter and the style.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>pronuntiatio<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-essay-questions\">Essay Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cicero was the most famous and influential orator of the Roman period. He was also an astute theorist of rhetoric from a very early age. Cicero\u2019s conception of rhetoric centered on the union of two capacities or abilities. What were they, and why was this union important to Cicero? What did this joining of capacities have to do with the concept of the \u201ccomplete orator\u201d? What was the social significance of such a person to Cicero?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare and contrast Cicero\u2019s two major works on rhetoric, <em>De Inventione <\/em>and <em>De Oratore<\/em>. About when in Cicero\u2019s lifetime was each written? With what kinds of issues is each concerned? In which does Cicero develop his canons of oratory? In which does he develop a theory of humor? How are these two works on rhetoric different?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dive deeper with hand-picked online resources&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern depictions of Ancient Rome in <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/P5ieIbInFpg\"><em>Gladiator<\/em> movie trailer<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailycal.org\/blogs\/clog\/whats-your-roman-empire\/article_b81514ea-414c-5ab6-bb26-f2477c606555.html\">Article on Roman Empire trend<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vroma.org\/vromans\/bmcmanus\/romangvt.html\">Hierarchy of Roman government<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indeed\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indeed.com\/career-advice\/career-development\/writing-skills\">writing skills and tips for career success<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/v32tqwIzK64?si=FzK3s0Gs-_B7mQGY\">Jimmy Fallon\u2019s bland but inoffensive humor<\/a> embodies qualities of the Second Sophistic<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-recommended-readings\">Recommended Readings <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Want to learn more? Check out these bonus readings!&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On Rhetoric in Rome<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Graham Anderson. <em>Sage, Saint, and Sophist: Holy Men and their Associates in the Early Roman Empire<\/em>. London: Routledge, 1994.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>G. W. Bowersock. <em>Greek Sophists in the Roman Empire<\/em>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barry Brummett, Reading Rhetorical Theory (Harcourt College Publishers, Fort Worth, TX: 2000), 191.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Percival Cole. <em>Later Roman Education in Ausonius, Capella, and the Theodosian Code<\/em>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1909.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A Companion to Roman Rhetoric<\/em>. Ed. William Dominik, Jon Hall. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Joy Connolly. <em>The State of Speech: Rhetoric and Political Thought in Ancient Rome<\/em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>George Kennedy. <em>The Art of Rhetoric in Rome<\/em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Michael Leff. \u201cThe Topics of Argumentative Invention in Latin Rhetorical Theory from Cicero to Boethius.\u201d <em>Rhetorica <\/em>1 (Spring 1983): 23\u201344.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Brian Vickers, In Defense of Rhetoric (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 28.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Cicero&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>De Inventione<\/em>. Trans. H. M. Hubbell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1976.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>De Oratore<\/em>. Trans. E. W. Sutton, H. Rackham. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Loeb Classical Library, 1967.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On Cicero&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Christopher P. Craig. <em>Form as Argument in Cicero\u2019s Speeches: A Study of Dilemma<\/em>. American Classical Studies #31. Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anthony Everitt. <em>Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome\u2019s Greatest Politician<\/em>. New York: Random House, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Manfred Fuhrmann. <em>Cicero and the Roman Republic<\/em>. Trans. W. E. Yuill. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Harold C. Gotoff. <em>Cicero\u2019s Caesarian Speeches: A Stylistic Commentary<\/em>. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Christian Habicht. <em>Cicero the Politician<\/em>. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>James M. May. <em>Trials of Character: The Eloquence of Ciceronian Ethos<\/em>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D. R. Shackleton Bailey. <em>Cicero<\/em>. New York: Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons, 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ann Vasaly. <em>Representations: Images of the World in Ciceronian Oratory<\/em>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Quintilian&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Institutes of Oratory<\/em>. Trans. H. E. Butler. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959\u20131963.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Quintilian on the Early Education on the Citizen Orator<\/em>. Ed. James J. Murphy. Trans. John S. Watson. Indianapolis, IN: Library of Liberal Arts, 1965.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Longinus&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>On the Sublime<\/em>. Trans. G. M. A. Grube. Indianapolis, IN: Library of Liberal Arts, 1957.&nbsp;<br>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-chapter-overview\">Chapter Overview<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-review-questions\">Review Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-essay-questions\">Essay Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-recommended-readings\">Recommended Readings<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 5 Rhetoric at Rome&nbsp; Chapter Overview Chapter Five considers rhetoric in the Roman world as a path to political power, personal success, and participation in civic life. Rhetorical training was a key to influence and personal advancement, but was also a means of advancing traditional Roman values. Rhetoric also came to be viewed as&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":296,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26\/revisions\/296"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}