{"id":32,"date":"2025-08-12T20:24:06","date_gmt":"2025-08-12T20:24:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/?p=32"},"modified":"2025-09-05T16:43:04","modified_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:43:04","slug":"chapter-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/chapter-8\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group subtitle-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-a77db08e wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-large-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-8\">Chapter 8<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Enlightenment Rhetoric<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f8d88e3b wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#fff1e894;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-overview\">Chapter Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><strong>Chapter Eight<\/strong> takes up rhetorical scholarship in the eighteenth century, from Vico\u2019s interests in the origins of human thought processes to Thomas Sheridan\u2019s theory of eloquence. Theorists explored include Giambattista Vico, George Campbell, Sheridan, Hugh Blair, Lord Kames, Richard Whately, Margaret Cavendish, and Maria Edgeworth. It is noted that concern for the British nation\u2019s development and welfare marks much of British Enlightenment rhetorical theory. Campbell\u2019s \u201cscientific\u201d interest in the rhetoric of the human mind is explored, as is Whately\u2019s treatment of rhetoric as centered on matters of argument. The Belletristic Movement\u2019s interest in the power of beautiful language is also considered, as is Maria Edgeworth\u2019s satire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-review-questions\">Review Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-fill\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-base-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod\/9781032813141\/reviewquestions\/ReviewQuestionsChapter8.docx\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;background-color:#064a6d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\">Download Worksheet<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Tap to reveal the author&#8217;s responses when you&#8217;re ready to check your answers.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"accordionGroup\" class=\"accordion-isr\">\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-0\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-0\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                1.\tWhat expectations regarding the writing of women did Margaret Cavendish challenge?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-0\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-0\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Margaret Cavendish is seen as one of the first English women to write with the intention of seeking publication. She challenged the period\u2019s views on the role of women writers, their style, and chosen genres of writing. While most women were expected to write devotional literature, romances, or recipe books, she chose to write plays, poems, philosophy, and scientific works.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-1\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-1\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                2.\tWhat were Vico\u2019s principal objections to the philosophy of Descartes?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-1\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Vico emphasized the power of language and imagination when approaching and understanding the world, while Descartes focused on the mathematical and scientific. Vico thought that Descartes\u2019s disdain for rhetoric and emphasis on demonstrable proof ignored the fundamental ways in which humans thought about and experienced the world.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-2\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-2\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                3.\tWhat social forces compelled British people to seek education in rhetoric during the eighteenth century?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-2\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>During this time, rhetoric was re-emphasized by the Church through preaching in response to a rise in skepticism. The public had access to education in rhetoric because of a shift in scholarship from Latin to English. Urbanization meant that rural people moved to cities and desired to learn \u201cproper\u201d English to further their social status.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-3\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-3\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                4.\tWhat were the goals of the Belletristic Movement? What effect did it have on the study of argument as a component of rhetoric?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-3\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>The Belletristic Movement sought an increased British interest in literature and writing. These goals shifted rhetorical focus from crafting arguments to developing an appealing style. The Belletristic Movement emphasized literary criticism and writing.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n    <h3>\n        <button type=\"button\" aria-expanded=\"false\" class=\"accordion-isr-trigger\" aria-controls=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-4\" id=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-4\">\n            <span class=\"accordion-isr-title\">\n                5.\tWhy was Hugh Blair concerned to develop the quality of taste in his students?                 <span class=\"accordion-isr-icon\"><\/span>\n            <\/span>\n        <\/button>\n    <\/h3>\n    <div id=\"sect-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"accordion-isr-accordion_repeater69fcbc42994a4-4\" class=\"accordion-isr-panel\" hidden>\n        <div class=\"accordion-isr-body\">\n            <p>Hugh Blair saw rhetoric as more than just honing eloquence for professional life. Rhetorical training was preparation for life; rhetoric taught eloquence, style, taste, and contemplation. Taste developed a cultured approach to both public and private life. He believed that taste was key to balancing a life of work, and finding enjoyment in one\u2019s leisure time.<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    \n\n\n\n<\/div><!--end panel group-->\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Put your Chapter 8 knowledge to the test!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-width:1px\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"8\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 8\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":0,\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"8\",\"pagekey\":\"InW2weZD\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":\"0\",\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":\"0\",\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! You have selected correct answer.\",\"quick_result_wrong_answer_text\":\"Wrong! 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%maxlength% characters allowed.\",\"recaptcha_error_text\":\"ReCaptcha is missing\",\"phone_error_text\":\"Phone number is invalid\",\"empty_grid_radio_checkbox_text\":\"Please complete all rows are required fields\",\"empty_audio_text\":\"Please upload audio!\"},\"question_list\":{\"105\":{\"question_id\":\"105\",\"quiz_id\":\"8\",\"question_name\":\"Which of the following characteristics was not emphasized in Enlightenment rhetoric? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:5:\\\"Proof\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:8:\\\"Delivery\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:5:\\\"Taste\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:20:\\\"a.\\u00a0\\u00a0\\u00a0\\u00a0\\u00a0\\u00a0 Style\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"0\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:13:{s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:10:\\\"Question 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Vico\\u2019s theory of the evolution of human thought through rhetorical devices, which of the following was the final stage of linguistic development?\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:6:\\\"Irony \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Metaphor \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:8:\\\"Metonym \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:12:\\\"Synecdoche  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Vico gives for a human\\u2019s intuitive ability to grasp similarities or relationships? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:15:\\\"Sensus communis\\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:11:\\\"Eloquentia \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:10:\\\"Alohomora \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:9:\\\"Ingenium 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reasons did Thomas Sheridan believe that an emphasis on elocution and rhetorical delivery should be implemented in British education? \",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:5:{i:0;s:67:\\\"He believed it would politically equalize the British class system \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:1;a:5:{i:0;s:64:\\\"He believed it would improve religion, morality, and government \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:1:\\\"1\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:2;a:5:{i:0;s:60:\\\"He believed it would improve diplomacy with other countries \\\";i:1;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:2;s:0:\\\"\\\";i:3;s:0:\\\"\\\";s:5:\\\"label\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}i:3;a:5:{i:0;s:56:\\\"He believed it would lead to finding a perfectus orator 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class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-105 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 1 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following characteristics was not emphasized in Enlightenment rhetoric? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question105-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question105\" id=\"question105_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question105_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tProof\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question105-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' 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development?<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question106-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question106\" id=\"question106_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question106_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIrony\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question106-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question106\" id=\"question106_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question106_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMetaphor\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question106-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question106\" id=\"question106_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question106_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMetonym\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question106-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question106\" id=\"question106_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question106_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSynecdoche\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question106_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question106\" id=\"question106_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_106\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-107 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 3 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Which of the following is the term Vico gives for a human\u2019s intuitive ability to grasp similarities or relationships? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question107-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question107\" id=\"question107_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question107_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSensus communis\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question107-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question107\" id=\"question107_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question107_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEloquentia\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question107-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question107\" id=\"question107_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question107_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAlohomora\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question107-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question107\" id=\"question107_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question107_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIngenium\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question107_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question107\" id=\"question107_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_107\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-108 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 4 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p> For which of the following reasons did Thomas Sheridan believe that an emphasis on elocution and rhetorical delivery should be implemented in British education? <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question108-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question108\" id=\"question108_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question108_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHe believed it would politically equalize the British class system\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question108-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question108\" id=\"question108_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question108_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHe believed it would improve religion, morality, and government\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question108-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question108\" id=\"question108_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question108_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHe believed it would improve diplomacy with other countries\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question108-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question108\" id=\"question108_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question108_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHe believed it would lead to finding a perfectus orator\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question108_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question108\" id=\"question108_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_108\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-109 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 5 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Vico agreed with Descartes\u2019 view of rhetoric, and with the idea that only mathematical proofs accessed truth better than rhetorical symbols. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question109-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question109\" id=\"question109_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question109_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question109-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question109\" id=\"question109_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question109_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question109_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question109\" id=\"question109_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_109\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-110 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 6 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p> Enlightenment rhetorical theory marked a turn away from traditional concerns such as memory and invention systems, and toward aesthetic matters such as style and good delivery. <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question110-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question110_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question110_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question110\" id=\"question110_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_110\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-111 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 7 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>In the eighteenth century, people from the British countryside sought education in rhetoric and writing in order to shed rustic indicators, and as a way to gain upward mobility in English society.  <\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTrue\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question111-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question111_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFalse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question111_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question111\" id=\"question111_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_111\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-112 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 8 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Vico used the term <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question112[]' \/> to describe humanity\u2019s natural power of imagination to order the world through myth and narrative.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-113 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 9 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>The <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question113[]' \/> Movement in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries emphasized considerations of style in rhetoric and expanded rhetoric into a study of literature, literary criticism, and writing.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-14  question-section-id-155 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Question 10 <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm-align-fill-in-blanks qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p>Whatley\u2019s concepts of presumption and <input type='text' class='qmn_fill_blank ' name='question155[]' \/> , which required the accuser to create sufficient doubt about the accused individual\u2019s innocence, can be seen in our modern day judicial system.<\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"105Q106Q107Q108Q109Q110Q111Q112Q113Q155Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"8\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>&nbsp;Think you know the term? Click to check!&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The innate human capacity to grasp similarities or relationships, as discussed by Vico. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>ingenium<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The rhetorical device or trope in which the part substitutes for the whole.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>metonym<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rhetorical movement in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that emphasized considerations of style in rhetoric. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Belletristic Movement<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>The responsibility to bring a case against the status quo sufficient to challenge its enjoyment of presumption.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>burden of proof<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Eighteenth-century term for reasoning from evidence to more or less probable conclusions on practical issues; the kind of reasoning employed in rhetoric, and appropriate to issues such as those presented by politics, ethics, religion, and economics. <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>moral reasoning<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>A &quot; pre-occupation of the ground,&quot;  in Whately\u2019s terms. An idea occupies its place as reasonable or acceptable until adequately challenged.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>presumption<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-essay-questions\">Essay Questions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identify the various social forces that compelled British people to seek education in rhetoric during the eighteenth century. Identify two major rhetorical movements during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries that were educational in nature, and the methods and goals of each movement. Link specific authors and works to each movement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compare and contrast the rhetorical theories of Giambattista Vico, George Campbell, Hugh Blair, and Richard Whately. What were the specific concerns or goals of each? What would a student of rhetoric have learned from each writer? Which theory do you find the most interesting, and why.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dive deeper with hand-picked online resources&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Example of the post-Enlightenment <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucg.org\/learn\/beyond-today-magazine\/beyond-today-magazine-november-december-2021\/seven-scientific-proofs\">use of science to attract religious followers<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Misinformation is so pervasive that <a href=\"https:\/\/transparency.meta.com\/policies\/community-standards\/misinformation\">sites enforce policies to mitigate potential harm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theparisreview.org\/blog\/2019\/04\/15\/the-royally-radical-life-of-margaret-cavendish\/\">Margaret Cavendish\u2019s \u201cradical\u201d life<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Article exploring <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oneusefulthing.org\/p\/a-prosthesis-for-imagination-using\">how AI can bolster imagination<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/qPGbl2gxGqI?si=yLnOyRuN6UK_kGPd\">Chesterton\u2019s fence illustrated<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-recommended-readings\">Recommended Readings <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Want to learn more? Check out these bonus readings!&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On Rhetoric in Eighteenth-Century Britain&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stephen H. Browne. \u201cShandyean Satire and the Rhetorical Arts in Eighteenth-Century England.\u201d <em>The Southern Communication Journal <\/em>55 (Winter, 1990): 191\u2013205.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>James L. Golden and Edward P. J. Corbett. <em>The Rhetoric of Blair, Campbell, and Whately<\/em>. New York: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston, Inc., 1968.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wilbur Samuel Howell. <em>Eighteenth-Century British Logic and Rhetoric<\/em>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On Giambattista Vico<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Joseph Mali, <em>The Rehabilitation of Myth: Vico\u2019s \u201cNew Science\u201d<\/em> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Michael Mooney, <em>Vico in the Tradition of Rhetoric<\/em> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Giambattista Vico<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>On the Study Methods of Our Time, <\/em>VII.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On Thomas Sheridan&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wallace A. Bacon. \u201cThe Elocutionary Career of Thomas Sheridan.\u201d <em>Speech Monographs<\/em> 31 (March 1964): 1\u201353.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Thomas Sheridan&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A Discourse: Being Introductory to His Course of Lectures on Elocution and the English Language<\/em>. (1759) Los Angeles, CA: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, 1969.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A Course of Lectures on Elocution<\/em>. London: 1762.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A General Dictionary of the English Language<\/em>. London: 1780.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On George Campbell&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vincent Bevilaqua. \u201cPhilosophical Origins of George Campbell\u2019s <em>Philosophy of Rhetoric<\/em>.\u201d <em>Speech Monographs <\/em>32 (1965): 1\u201312.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lloyd Bitzer. \u201cHume\u2019s Philosophy in George Campbell\u2019s <em>The Philosophy of Rhetoric<\/em>.\u201d <em>Philosophy and Rhetoric <\/em>2 (1969): 136\u2013166.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Douglas Ehninger. \u201cGeorge Campbell and the Revolution in Inventional Theory.\u201d <em>Southern Speech Journal <\/em>15 (May 1950): 270\u2013276.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dominic LaRusso. \u201cRoot or Branch? A Reexamination of Campbell\u2019s \u2018Rhetoric.\u2019\u201d <em>Western Speech <\/em>32 (1968): 85\u201391.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Douglas McDermott. \u201cGeorge Campbell and the Classical Tradition.\u201d <em>Quarterly Journal of Speech <\/em>49 (1963): 403\u2013409<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By George Campbell&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Philosophy of Rhetoric<\/em>. (1776) Ed. Lloyd F. Bitzer. Carbondale, IL: University of Southern Illinois Press, 1963. <em>Dissertation on Miracles<\/em>. London: 1762.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>On the Belletristic Movement&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Barbara Warnick. <em>The Sixth Canon: Belletristic Rhetorical Theory and Its French Antecedents<\/em>. Columbia SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1993.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>By Hugh Blair&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres<\/em>. (1783) Ed. Harold Harding. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1965.<br>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-chapter-overview\">Chapter Overview<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-review-questions\">Review Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quiz\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-essay-questions\">Essay Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-recommended-readings\">Recommended Readings<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chapter 8 Enlightenment Rhetoric Chapter Overview Chapter Eight takes up rhetorical scholarship in the eighteenth century, from Vico\u2019s interests in the origins of human thought processes to Thomas Sheridan\u2019s theory of eloquence. Theorists explored include Giambattista Vico, George Campbell, Sheridan, Hugh Blair, Lord Kames, Richard Whately, Margaret Cavendish, and Maria Edgeworth. It is noted that&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":300,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32\/revisions\/300"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/historyofrhetoric\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}