{"id":612,"date":"2025-02-21T10:43:30","date_gmt":"2025-02-21T10:43:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/internationalhistory20c\/?post_type=content&#038;p=612"},"modified":"2025-02-21T10:43:30","modified_gmt":"2025-02-21T10:43:30","slug":"chapter-19-the-end-of-the-cold-war-and-the-new-world-order-1980-2000","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/chapter-19-the-end-of-the-cold-war-and-the-new-world-order-1980-2000\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 19: The End of the Cold War and the \u2018New World Order\u2019, 1980\u20132000"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#dae9e0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12dd3699 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/\" title=\"Students\">Students<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/chapter-19-the-end-of-the-cold-war-and-the-new-world-order-1980-2000\/\" title=\"Chapter 19: The End of the Cold War and the \u2018New World Order\u2019, 1980\u20132000\">Chapter 19: The End of the Cold War and the \u2018New World Order\u2019, 1980\u20132000<\/a>\n<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h1 class=\"alignwide wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 19: The End of the Cold War and the \u2018New World Order\u2019, 1980\u20132000<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The Cold War came to a sudden and unexpected end in the early 1990s. This chapter examines the multiple causes of the demise of the post-1945 international system by focusing not only on the superpower conflict itself but also on the broader developments that undermined the Cold War as the overriding framework of international politics. The collapse of the Cold War was to a large extent a result of the Third World\u2019s rejection of the need to see every issue from the increasingly arcane context of the clash between capitalism and socialism. The dissolution of the Soviet Union did, however, leave the United States as the unchallenged superpower of the 1990s. This was partly illustrated in the Gulf War of 1990\u201391, where the United States led a broad coalition of countries that would have been inconceivable in previous decades. In contrast to the Cold War, when America was involved in a fearsome rivalry with the Soviet Union, the United States appeared to enjoy a \u2018unilateral moment\u2019 during the last years of the twentieth century with no serious rival within the international system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-23d1e0e5 wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-montserrat-font-family has-medium-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple Choice Questions<\/h3>\n\n\n<script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"20\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"20\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 19\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":0,\"contact_info_location\":\"0\",\"qpages\":{\"2\":{\"id\":\"2\",\"quizID\":\"20\",\"pagekey\":\"FLl6RwuD\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":\"0\",\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":\"0\",\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":\"0\",\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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above\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:16:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:29:\\\"What trends marked the 1990s?\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"American concerns with growing federal budget surplus\",0,0],[\"Liberalization of international trade under the WTO\",0,0],[\"Revival of communist party in Russian elections\",0,0],[\"All of the above\",0,1]]},\"193\":{\"question_id\":\"193\",\"quiz_id\":\"20\",\"question_name\":\"\",\"answer_array\":\"a:4:{i:0;a:3:{i:0;s:21:\\\"Yugoslavian Civil War\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:1;a:3:{i:0;s:17:\\\"Somalian Collapse\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:1;}i:2;a:3:{i:0;s:16:\\\"Rwandan Genocide\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}i:3;a:3:{i:0;s:19:\\\"Irish Peace Process\\\";i:1;d:0;i:2;i:0;}}\",\"answer_one\":\"\",\"answer_one_points\":\"0\",\"answer_two\":\"\",\"answer_two_points\":\"0\",\"answer_three\":\"\",\"answer_three_points\":\"0\",\"answer_four\":\"\",\"answer_four_points\":\"0\",\"answer_five\":\"\",\"answer_five_points\":\"0\",\"answer_six\":\"\",\"answer_six_points\":\"0\",\"correct_answer\":\"0\",\"question_answer_info\":\"\",\"comments\":\"1\",\"hints\":\"\",\"question_order\":\"1\",\"question_type\":\"0\",\"question_type_new\":\"0\",\"question_settings\":\"a:16:{s:8:\\\"required\\\";i:1;s:12:\\\"answerEditor\\\";s:4:\\\"text\\\";s:14:\\\"question_title\\\";s:71:\\\"What conflicts did the United States not intervene in during the 1990s?\\\";s:14:\\\"featureImageID\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:15:\\\"featureImageSrc\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:11:\\\"matchAnswer\\\";s:6:\\\"random\\\";s:16:\\\"placeholder_text\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:14:\\\"case_sensitive\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:16:\\\"image_size-width\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:17:\\\"image_size-height\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:8:\\\"autofill\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";s:10:\\\"limit_text\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:23:\\\"limit_multiple_response\\\";s:1:\\\"0\\\";s:17:\\\"file_upload_limit\\\";s:1:\\\"4\\\";s:16:\\\"file_upload_type\\\";s:21:\\\"image,application\\\/pdf\\\";s:15:\\\"min_text_length\\\";s:0:\\\"\\\";}\",\"category\":\"\",\"linked_question\":\"\",\"deleted\":\"0\",\"deleted_question_bank\":\"0\",\"answers\":[[\"Yugoslavian Civil War\",0,0],[\"Somalian Collapse\",0,1],[\"Rwandan Genocide\",0,0],[\"Irish Peace Process\",0,0]]}},\"first_page\":false,\"questions_settings\":[]}\n                    <\/script><style type='text\/css' id='qmn_quiz_template-css'>.qsm-quiz-container {\r\n 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id=\"qsm_nonce_20\" value=\"692fcfdb8b\">\n\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qsm_unique_key\" id=\"qsm_unique_key_20\" value=\"69fc9f6c48544\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<span id=\"mlw_top_of_quiz\"><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-184 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>1.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which policy is Mikhail Gorbachev associated with? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question184-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question184\" id=\"question184_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question184_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tD\u00e9tente\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question184-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question184\" id=\"question184_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question184_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPerestroika\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question184-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question184\" id=\"question184_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question184_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSolidarity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question184-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question184\" id=\"question184_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question184_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGlobalization\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question184_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question184\" id=\"question184_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_184\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-185 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>2.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What evidence did the Soviets look to when assessing the positive future of communism in the early 1980s? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question185-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question185\" id=\"question185_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question185_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tUS defeat in Vietnam\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question185-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question185\" id=\"question185_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question185_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSuccess of Soviet-supported revolutions in Latin America\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question185-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question185\" id=\"question185_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question185_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tConsolidation of Soviet rule in Afghanistan\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question185-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio 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class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>3.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Where did Solidarity emerge as a movement in the 1980s? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question186-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question186\" id=\"question186_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question186_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAfghanistan\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question186-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question186\" id=\"question186_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question186_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPoland\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question186-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question186\" id=\"question186_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question186_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNicaragua\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question186-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question186\" id=\"question186_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question186_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSoviet Union\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question186_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question186\" id=\"question186_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_186\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-187 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>4.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>In which states was the end of communism accompanied by widespread violence? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question187-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question187\" id=\"question187_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question187_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEast Germany\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question187-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question187\" id=\"question187_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question187_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHungary\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question187-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question187\" id=\"question187_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question187_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCzechoslovakia\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question187-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question187\" id=\"question187_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question187_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRomania\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question187_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question187\" id=\"question187_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_187\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-188 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>5.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What was the 1980s Soviet policy towards Eastern Europe often referred to as? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question188-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question188\" id=\"question188_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question188_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Brezhnev Doctrine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question188-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question188\" id=\"question188_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question188_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Gorbachev Doctrine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question188-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question188\" id=\"question188_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question188_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Sinatra Doctrine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question188-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question188\" id=\"question188_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question188_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Walesa Doctrine\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question188_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question188\" id=\"question188_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_188\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-189 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>6.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which statement about German reunification is most true? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question189-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question189\" id=\"question189_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question189_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tReunification was pushed by Margaret Thatcher\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question189-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question189\" id=\"question189_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question189_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGorbachev agreed to rapid reunification in return for German aid\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question189-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question189\" id=\"question189_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question189_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe Bush administration sought rapid reunification\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question189-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question189\" id=\"question189_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question189_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question189_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question189\" id=\"question189_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_189\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-190 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>7.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following are reasons why Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question190-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question190\" id=\"question190_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question190_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tNeed to recoup economic costs of long war with Iran\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question190-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question190\" id=\"question190_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question190_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFear of demobilizing a potentially disloyal army\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question190-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question190\" id=\"question190_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question190_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tClaims to Kuwait dating back to pre-1914 era\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question190-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question190\" id=\"question190_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question190_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question190_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question190\" id=\"question190_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_190\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-191 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>8.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Why did Saddam Hussein believe the invasion of Kuwait would be unopposed? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question191-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question191\" id=\"question191_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question191_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSecret negotiations with the Soviet Union\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question191-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question191\" id=\"question191_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question191_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIsraeli private declaration of support\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question191-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question191\" id=\"question191_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question191_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIran agreed to split Kuwait and oil revenues\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question191-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question191\" id=\"question191_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question191_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMeeting with US ambassador suggest US non-interference\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question191_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question191\" id=\"question191_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_191\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-192 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>9.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What trends marked the 1990s? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question192-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question192\" id=\"question192_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question192_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAmerican concerns with growing federal budget surplus\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question192-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question192\" id=\"question192_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question192_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLiberalization of international trade under the WTO\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question192-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question192\" id=\"question192_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question192_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRevival of communist party in Russian elections\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question192-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question192\" id=\"question192_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question192_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question192_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question192\" id=\"question192_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_192\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-193 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>10.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What conflicts did the United States not intervene in during the 1990s? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers '>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question193-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question193\" id=\"question193_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question193_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tYugoslavian Civil War\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question193-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question193\" id=\"question193_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question193_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSomalian Collapse\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question193-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question193\" id=\"question193_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question193_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tRwandan Genocide\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question193-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question193\" id=\"question193_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question193_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIrish Peace Process\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question193_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question193\" id=\"question193_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_193\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"184Q185Q186Q187Q188Q189Q190Q191Q192Q193Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"10\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"20\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time's up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-c052e65d wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-montserrat-font-family has-medium-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-exam-questions\">Exam Questions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-roboto-font-family\" id=\"aioseo-discussion-questions\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4;text-decoration:underline\"><strong>Discussion Questions&nbsp;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Why did the Soviet strategic position decline in the 1970s and 1980s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Did Ronald Reagan \u201cwin\u201d the Cold War?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Compare and contrast the role of crises in Afghanistan and Poland in the downfall of the Soviet bloc.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Why didn\u2019t the Soviets respond to the Solidarity movement with force in the 1980s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Why did Iraq invade Kuwait in 1990?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Contrast the American economic foundations in the 1990s with those in Russia.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Why was there talk of \u201cthe end of history\u201d in the 1990s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">How did the end of the Cold war influence other conflicts in the 1990s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Why did Yugoslavia disintegrate in the 1990s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0\">How did the United States shape the world community during the unipolar moment of the 1990s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-roboto-font-family\" id=\"aioseo-exam-questions\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);line-height:1.4;text-decoration:underline\"><strong>Exam Questions<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Was the Cold War ended due to the role of prominent politicians or to structural factors, such as economics?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Why was there a \u201cunipolar moment\u201d in the 1990s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">How did the eclipse of the Soviet Union influence global politics in the 1990s?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-c052e65d wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-montserrat-font-family has-medium-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.emersonkent.com\/speeches\/tear_down_this_wall.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.emersonkent.com\/speeches\/tear_down_this_wall.htm<\/a> &#8211; text and audio of Reagan\u2019s Tear Down this Wall speech 1987&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.emersonkent.com\/speeches\/the_evil_empire.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www.emersonkent.com\/speeches\/the_evil_empire.htm<\/a> &#8211; text and audio of Reagan\u2019s Evil Empire speech 1983&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/readingroom\/docs\/CIA-RDP09T00367R000300070001-8.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/readingroom\/docs\/CIA-RDP09T00367R000300070001-8.pdf<\/a> &#8211; text of CIA analysis on possible Soviet responses to the SDI initiative 1986&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/irp.fas.org\/offdocs\/nsd\/nsd23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/irp.fas.org\/offdocs\/nsd\/nsd23.pdf<\/a>&nbsp; &#8211; text of US national security directive in 1989 on eve of Eastern Bloc breakup&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www2.gwu.edu\/~nsarchiv\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB203\/Document04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/www2.gwu.edu\/~nsarchiv\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB203\/Document04.pdf<\/a> &#8211; text of US negotiating document at Reykjavik summit in 1986&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org\/document\/113097\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org\/document\/113097<\/a> &#8211; text of Lech Walesa call for end of martial law in Poland 1986&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"http:\/\/digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org\/document\/112474\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org\/document\/112474<\/a> &#8211; text of notes for Gorbachev\u2019s meeting with Politburo regarding Soviet policy towards Eastern Europe 1988&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/1997-2001.state.gov\/statements\/970605.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/1997-2001.state.gov\/statements\/970605.html<\/a> &#8211; Madeleine Albright statement on US foreign policy in the wake of Communism\u2019s collapse 1997&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/20th_century\/un1160.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Avalon Project : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160; March 31, 1998 (yale.edu)<\/a> \u2013 UN Security Council Resolution on the situation in Bosnia 1998&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/address-the-nation-the-situation-somalia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/address-the-nation-the-situation-somalia<\/a>&nbsp; &#8211; Bush statement on situation in Somalia 1992&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-container-core-group-is-layout-c052e65d wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-montserrat-font-family has-medium-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-bibliography\">Bibliography&nbsp;<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Chiampan, Andrea, \u201c\u2018Those European Chicken Littles\u2019:&nbsp; Reagan, NATO, and the Polish Crisis, 1981-2,\u201d <em>International History Review<\/em> 37:4 (2015) 682-699.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Chiampan, Andrea, \u201cThe Reagan Administration and the INF Controversy, 1981-1983\u201d, <em>Diplomatic History<\/em> 44:5 (2020) 860-884.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Conze, Eckart, Martin Klimke, &amp; Jeremy Varon, eds., <em>Nuclear Threats, Nuclear Fear and the Cold War of the 1980s<\/em> (Cambridge:&nbsp; Cambridge University Press, 2020).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Donaghy, Aaron, <em>The Second Cold War:&nbsp; Carter, Reagan, and the Politics of Foreign Policy<\/em> (Cambridge:&nbsp; Cambridge University Press, 2023).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Kieninger, Stephan, \u201cThe 1999 Kosovo War and the Crisis in U.S.-Russia Relations,\u201d <em>International History Review<\/em> 43:4 (2021) 781-795.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Lundestad, Ingrid, \u201cTurning Foe to Friend?&nbsp; US Objectives in Including Russia in Post-Cold War Euro-Atlantic Security Co-operation,\u201d <em>International History Review<\/em> 38:4 (2016) 694-718.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Miles, Simon, <em>Engaging the Evil Empire:&nbsp; Washington, Moscow, and the Beginning of the End of the Cold War<\/em> (Cornell University Press, 2020).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Spohr, Kristina, \u201cHelmut Schmidt and the Shaping of Western Security in the Late 1970s:&nbsp; The Guadeloupe Summit of 1979,\u201d <em>International History Review<\/em> 37:1 (2015) 167-192.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Tyszkiewcz, Jakub, \u201cHuman Rights and the Jimmy Carter Administration\u2019s Policy towards Poland, 1977-1980,\u201d <em>Cold War History<\/em> 23:2 (2023) 307-325.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);line-height:1.4\">Uutela, Marjo, \u201cEyes on the North Atlantic Cooperation Council:&nbsp; To What Extent Was Germany Involved in the NATO Diplomacy Surrounding Finland and Sweden in the Early 1990s,\u201d <em>International History Review<\/em> 45:2 (2023) 431-441.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600;flex-basis:20%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ol><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-multiple-choice-questions\">Multiple Choice Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-exam-questions\">Exam Questions<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-weblinks\">Weblinks<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-bibliography\">Bibliography<\/a><ol><\/ol><\/li><\/ol><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Cold War came to a sudden and unexpected end in the early 1990s. This chapter examines the multiple causes of the demise of the post-1945 international system by focusing not only on the superpower conflict itself but also on the broader developments that undermined the Cold War as the overriding framework of international politics. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":531,"menu_order":0,"template":"wp-custom-template-single-chapter-page","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[7],"class_list":["post-612","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry","tag-chapter-content"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/612","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/612\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":613,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/612\/revisions\/613"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/531"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=612"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=612"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}