{"id":730,"date":"2025-10-21T07:43:08","date_gmt":"2025-10-21T07:43:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/internationalhistory20c\/?post_type=content&p=730"},"modified":"2025-10-21T10:06:51","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T10:06:51","slug":"1950-1999","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/students\/timeline\/1950-1999\/","title":{"rendered":"1950 \u2013 1999: The Space Age"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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\n\tHome<\/a>\n<\/span>\u203a<\/span>\n\tStudents<\/a>\n<\/span>\u203a<\/span>\n\tTimeline<\/a>\n<\/span>\u203a<\/span>\n\t1950 \u2013 1999: The Space Age<\/a>\n<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1950 \u2013 1999: The Space Age<\/h1>\n\n\n

Technology, Liberation, and Global Connection<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The latter half of the 20th century witnessed humanity’s greatest technological leaps while social movements fought for equality and justice. The Cold War defined international relations as digital technology began transforming daily life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Milestone Achievements:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • Space exploration reaches the moon<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Civil rights movements advance equality<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Personal computers enter homes<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Internet connects the global community<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Berlin Wall falls, ending Cold War division<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    This era bridged the industrial and digital ages, creating the interconnected world we know today while expanding human rights and freedoms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
    \n
    \n

    There are 537 entries in this timeline<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n
    \n
    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Korean War begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Britain and India recognize the PRC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC and the USSR recognize the Viet Minh regime<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kim Il-Sung lobbies Stalin to approve a DPRK attack on the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC and the USSR sign a treaty of alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Secretary of State Dean Acheson indicates that the United States is not committed to the defence of the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United States begins military aid to France in Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1950 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The long US involvement in Vietnam was initiated in 1950, influenced by US shock at the Communist takeover of China. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK launches the Korean War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    North Korean aggression increased the risk of superpower confrontation in the Cold War. The rapid overrunning of South Korea was halted by US intervention, with General MacArthur landing at Inchon and pushing north to the Yalu River. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United Nations calls on its members to support the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United States places its 7th Fleet in the Taiwan Straits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN forces cross the 38th parallel and invade the DPRK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC enters the Korean War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1950 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US actions in the Korean War brought China into the conflict, fearing US forces on its northern border. The Chinese counterattack pushed UN forces south to the center of Korea, the war descending into a stalemate. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US aid for the French military effort in Vietnam begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The long US involvement in Vietnam was initiated in 1950, influenced by US shock at the Communist takeover of China. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nehru refuses to attend the Baguio Conference in the Philippines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Creation of the Colombo Plan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK launches the Korean War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kim Il-Sung lobbies Stalin to approve a DPRK invasion of the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC and the USSR sign a treaty of alliance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1950 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    China feared the US might support the GMD in an attempt to overthrow the CCP and sought out Soviet assistance. The alliance allowed China to intervene in the Korean War, entangling the US in Asia without risking a direct confrontation with the Soviet Union. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK launches the Korean War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United States places its 7th Fleet in the Taiwan Straits<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN forces cross the 38th parallel and invade the DPRK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1950 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US invasion of North Korea heightened Chinese suspicions of US intentions and raised the spectre of a simultaneous invasion from Korea, Taiwan and Indochina. In response, China directly intervened in the conflict, leading to stalemate. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC enters the Korean War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United States, Britain and France sign the Tripartite Agreement committing them to arm neither Israel nor the Arabs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Schuman Declaration prompting negotiations to establish the ECSC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1950<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1950<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Council of Europe issues the ‘European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1950 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ECSC formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1951<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ANZUS formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Truman dismisses General MacArthur as US commander in Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of cease-fire talks in Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    San Francisco Peace Conference ends state of war with Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US peace with Japan was accompanied by a security treaty allowing eventual Japanese rearmament, and providing Japan with a larger role in regional stability. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US\u2013Japanese Security Treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US\u2013Philippines and ANZUS Security Treaties signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the wake of the Korean War, the US initiated a series of diplomatic initiatives to defend the region against Communist threats, including ANZUS, SEATO and treaties with the Philippines, Japan and South Korea.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    India refuses to sign the San Francisco peace treaty with Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    San Francisco Peace Conference ends state of war with Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US peace with Japan was accompanied by a security treaty allowing eventual Japanese rearmament, and providing Japan with a larger role in regional stability. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US\u2013Japanese Security Treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of cease-fire talks in Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party wins the legislative elections in the Gold Coast and he is made first minister<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Assassination of King Abdullah of Jordan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    An army coup in Egypt overthrows King Farouk<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of the ECSC Treaty in Paris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The European Coal and Steel Community harnessed German industry to France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, and Italy. Coal and steel production was necessary for post-war reconstruction of Europe, and the organization allowed the rebuilding of German industry without the danger of further conflict with France. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1951<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The UNGA adopts the ‘UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1951 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1952<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    American\u2013Japanese Administrative Agreement signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1952 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1952<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japan recognizes the ROC as the government of China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1952 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1952<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japan regains full sovereignty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1952 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1952<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of Hizbut Tahrir in East Jerusalem<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1952<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Stalin dies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The death of Stalin marked a thaw in the Cold War, as potential successors maneuvered for power. The death of Stalin and election of Eisenhower provided an opportunity for improved relations, but the eventual consolidation of power by Khrushchev ended the transitionary period. During the thaw, a settlement of the Korean War, Vietnamese War, and Austrian statehood were all achieved. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Joseph Stalin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of Korean War armistice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of US\u2013ROK Security Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of Korean War armistice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of US\u2013ROK Security Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Joseph Stalin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of Korean War armistice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1953 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1953<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Overthrow of Mussadiq regime in Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1953 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The overthrow of Mussadiq with CIA support undermined the credibility of the Shah’s government in Iran. Subsequent Iranian reforms by the Shah were tainted by his dependence on western support. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    SEATO formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1954<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Convening of Geneva Conference which fails to reach a permanent settlement for Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of first Quemoy\u2013Matsu incident<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of SEATO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of US\u2013ROC Security Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    French defeat at Dien Bien Phu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Decisive French defeat in Vietnam heralds the end of the French phase of the conflict. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Geneva Accords 1954<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The death of Stalin brought a thaw in East\u2013West relations, contributing to the 1954 Geneva Accords. The Accords called for the temporary division of Vietnam into northern and southern halves until elections in 1956. Laos and Cambodia were separated from Indochina as monarchies. Ultimately, South Vietnam refused to participate in the 1956 elections. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Founding of SEATO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1954<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sino-Indian border treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Colombo conference leads to announcement of decision to convene African\u2013Asian Conference in the following year<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of Self-Defence Force in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of US\u2013ROC Security Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fall of Yoshida from power<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Convening of Geneva Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First Quemoy\u2013Matsu crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    CIA helps to overthrow the Arbenz government in Guatemala<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US fears of Communist influence and nationalization of fruit company property led to US assistance in coup. The coup further embitters Latin Americans against US interference and influences the later Castro regime to seek Soviet support. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of Algerian War of Independence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1954 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    France considered Algeria an integral part of the nation, thus would not recognize independence, starting a long fratricidal conflict. Like the war in Indochina, France believed that it could not retreat without losing political status, thus engaged in long and costly struggles. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lavon Affair in which Israeli agents attack western property in Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1954 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    General Nasser becomes president of Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1954 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The ascendance of Nasser placed a charismatic leader at the head of Egypt, seeking Arab unity and Arab socialism. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1954<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Western European Union formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1954<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Warsaw Pact formed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1955<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    EEC established (Rome Treaty)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1955<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Geneva summit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1955<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South Vietnam becomes the Republic of Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1955<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Convening of Bandung Conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1955 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Summit of newly independent African and Asian states attempted to create a co-ordinated position against imperialism, ultimately leading to policy of non-alignment. This differed from European neutrality in allowing security agreements while avoiding commitments to the superpowers, thus protecting newly-won sovereignty. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Return of sovereignty to Austria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1955 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Austria adopted a policy of neutrality in the Cold War in return for an end to post-war occupation. Neutrality as pursued by European states sought to avoid political entanglement with either superpower bloc, for a variety of local reasons. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nehru visit to the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japan enters GATT although the states of Western Europe refuse to extend full MFN rights to it<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Socialist factions in Japan merge to create JSP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Conservative parties in Japan merge to form the LDP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mao pushes for collectivization of agriculture in the PRC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kim Il-Sung introduces idea of ‘juche’ (self-reliance)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Juan Peron overthrown in a coup in Argentina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1955<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israel launches large-scale raid on Gaza<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of Egyptian\u2013Czech arms deal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1955 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1955<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of talks on the formation of the EEC and EURATOM<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1955<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hungarian Revolution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1956<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Suez Crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1956<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nehru, Tito and Nasser meet at Brioni in Yugoslavia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sukarno visit to the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Suez crisis and Soviet intervention in Hungary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October-November 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japan normalizes relations with the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japan enters the United Nations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Khrushchev’s ‘de-Stalination’ speech to the CPSU 20th Congress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1956 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Krushchev’s denunciation of Stalinist policy, as well as calls for peaceful co-existence in Europe, provided a pretext to Chinese leadership for further divergence of Chinese policy from the Soviet Union. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet intervention in Hungary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nicaraguan Dictator Anastasio Somoza assassinated<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1956<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    France grants independence to Morocco and Tunisia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Suez Crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October-November 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The United States reneges on its agreement to fund the Aswan Dam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1956 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The nationalization of the Suez Canal occurred as a result of breakdown in relations between Egypt and the west over a number of issues, including Egyptian support for Algerian independence and arms deals with the Eastern bloc. Following US cancellation of funding for the Aswan Dam, Nasser nationalized the canal, threatening western interests in the trade route to Asia. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Britain, France and Israel collude to attack Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1956 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In response to deteriorating relations, Britain, France and Israel jointly plan attacks on Egypt, seizing the Sinai Peninsula and the Suez Canal. The US, having not been consulted in advance, angrily denounced the action and pressured the invaders to end the war. The resulting decline of French and British influence in the region in turn created a vacuum, with the superpowers increasing their role. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israeli invasion of the Sinai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Britain and France intervene to ‘preserve’ the security of the Suez Canal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1956<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US pressure forces Britain, France and Israel to suspend military operations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1956 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sputnik launched<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet success in launching the first artificial satellite spurred US fears of technological decline, later followed in the 1960 election with claims of a ‘missile gap’. The Soviets gained a propaganda coup, although US technology rapidly surpassed the Soviets in the 1960s with the race to the moon. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Independence of Ghana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1957 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ghana was the first sub-Saharan African state to gain independence from the colonial powers, with a pan-African policy pursued by Kwame Nkrumah. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Kishi government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1957 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Launch of the Hundred Flowers movement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1957 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Launch of the Anti-Rightist campaign in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1957 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR promises to help the PRC develop an atomic bomb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1957 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ‘Papa Doc’ Duvalier takes over the government in Haiti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1957<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Independence of Ghana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1957 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of the Rome Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1957<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The ‘Inner Six’ states of the ECSC sought deeper economic integration, and entered into negotiations for the EEC and EURATOM. Through a process of compromises, these states built a common market through liberalized internal trade. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    American provision of $225 million aid package to India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    American and British intervention in Lebanon and Jordan respectively<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Launch of the Great Leap Forward<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1958 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Great Leap Forward attempted radical economic change through collective agriculture and industrialization, leading to massive dislocation and internal turmoil. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kim Il-Sung purges his enemies from the KWP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Second Quemoy\u2013Matsu crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US Vice-president Richard Nixon tours Latin America,<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1958<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nkrumah hosts All-African People’s Conference in Accra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1958 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nkrumah sought Pan-African unity through the creation of an African federation. Ultimately other African states, including the Monrovia Group, rejected federation after having recently won independence. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Guinea votes to reject membership of the French Community<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the United Arab Republic (UAR) of Egypt and Syria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1958<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US and British interventions in Lebanon and Jordan respectively<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1958 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Camp David summit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1959<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR reneges on its atomic bomb promise<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1959 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Peng Dehuai purged at Lushan conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1959 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sino-Indian border clashes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1959 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fidel Castro takes power in Cuba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1959<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the Inter-American Development Bank<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In an attempt to repair strained relations with Latin America, the IADB begins funding infrastructure projects in Latin America. Overall, despite the shift from trade to aid, the US continues its focus on military rather than economic aid. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    State of emergency introduced in Nyasaland (Malawi) beginning a chain of events that led to an abrupt change in British policy towards East Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1959 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1959<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Fatah as a Palestinian guerrilla organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1959 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    U-2 incident and abortive Paris summit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Declining superpower relations ended the post-Stalin thaw with the shooting down of a US spy plane over Russia. Khrushchev seized upon the incident in denouncing the US and renewing more direct confrontation. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kennedy elected<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1960<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    National Liberation Front (NLF, also called the Viet Cong) founded<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1960<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of OPEC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Publication of W.W. Rostow’s The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNGA passes Resolutions 1514 and 1522 calling for end to colonial rule and for 1960s to be ‘development decade’ respectively<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of new US\u2013Japan Security Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Syngman Rhee forced to resign as ROK President<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of Security treaty crisis in Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1960 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Domestic opponents to the US Security Treaty sought greater equality with the US, while pacifists opposed the security arrangment, and others feared a remilitarization of Japanese society. When the JSP tried to block ratification of the treaty, Kishi forced a rapid vote. The resulting crisis over his increasingly authoritarian rule led to large-scale unrest. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Ikeda government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of the polemical war between the USSR and the PRC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1960 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Sino-Soviet split occurred over a number of issues, including Soviet reneging on a promise to supply China with nuclear technology, Chinese anger at Soviet inaction on de-colonization, and general disputes over leadership of the Communist movement. The open break between the two states led to open denunciations. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR pulls its economic advisors out of China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Civil war in Guatemala begins (lasts until 1996)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1960<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sharpeville massacre in South Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Belgium grants independence to the Congo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The province of Katanga secedes from the Congo; Lumumba turns to the UN for assistance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Independence of Nigeria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1960 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    EFTA treaty signed in Stockholm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1960<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Britain initially preferred imperial trade to membership in the EEC, but created a free trade area with Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland without the institutional ties of the EEC. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bay of Pigs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1961<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Vienna Summit<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1961<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Wall construction begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1961<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bay of Pigs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1961<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    United States initiates Alliance for Progress directed at Latin America<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1961 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First non-aligned summit held in Belgrade<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1961 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The first NAM summit resulted in a more radical stance than at the Bandung Conference, with stated goals of ending apartheid, economic lobbying, and the creation of a pressure group to influence world politics. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Park Chung-Hee and the ROKA seize power in a coup in the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1961 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    United States breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1961<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US launches the Alliance for Progress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Kennedy administration began a more ambitious project to fund development in Latin America on a level comparable to the Marshall Plan. In spite of initial enthusiasm in both north and south, the US was unwilling to force institutional change on Latin American states, and without social reforms the aid was unable to overcome social divisions. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Failed Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kennedy entered office in 1961 with a plan to overthrow Castro prepared. Kennedy put the plan into effect, with CIA assistance for Cuban insurgents, but failed to deliver air support following international outcry at the action. The invasion failed, leading Castro to seek greater Soviet support, resulting in the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rafael Trujillo assassinated in the Dominican Republic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1961<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lumumba murdered<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1961 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Guinea expels Soviet advisors<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1961 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Syria secedes from the UAR<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1961 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1961<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of Amnesty International<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1961 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The foundation of Amnesty International was representative of the increased role of the public and media in asserting and defending human rights in the post-war era. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cuban Missile Crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Cuban Missile Crisis began with Soviet installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba. Khrushchev had hoped for a propaganda victory through the action, while Castro sought security against US intervention. Kennedy responded with a blockade of Cuba, resulting in one of the greatest crises in the Cold War and greatest risks of nuclear war. Soviet withdrawal of the missiles resolved the crisis, leading to the fall of Khrushchev two years later, and awakening the superpowers to the need to manage competition. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Neutralization of Laos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Following the Geneva Accords of 1954, Laos was a greater seat of turmoil in the region. In 1957, the neutral Souvanna government formed a coalition with the Communist Pathet Lao, which was followed by a CIA-backed coup in 1958, and return to power in 1960 of Souvanna. As the state spiralled into civil war, the superpowers agreed to neutralize the state. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Non-aligned economic conference held in Cairo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of Sino-Indian War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1962 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Indian acceptance of US military aid against China in the 1962 war undermined Indian leadership of the NAM. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Publication of Rachel Carson’s The Silent Spring<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Announcement of ROK Five-Year Plan to build up substitution industries for export<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cuban Missile Crisis and Sino-Indian War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK introduces its ‘equal emphasis’ policy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cuban Missile Crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1962<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Evian accords grant independence to Algeria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Common Agricultural Policy agreed among EEC members<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1962<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1962<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Publication in Russia of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1962 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Franco-German Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1963<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Limited Test Ban Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As a result of the Cuban Missile Crisis, superpower relations entered a thaw, with attempts to channel competittion into less destructive avenues. The superpowers reached several agreements including Open Skies, the Hotline Agreement, and the Limited Test Ban Treaty, all seeking to reduce the risk of nuclear war. The LTBT ended atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kennedy assassination<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1963<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Coup against Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Diem regime lacked legitimacy within South Vietnam and had been weakened by corruption. Tacit US support for a coup in 1963 led to the removal of Diem, although successor regimes were also unable to establish legitimacy. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Indonesia announces policy of ‘Konfrontasi’ against British-backed Malaysia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1963 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Shah of Iran begins his ‘white revolution’ modernization programme<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1963 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ghana implicated in assassination of President Olympio of Togo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1963 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the Organization of African States (OAU)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1963 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    As an alternative to Nkrumah’s visions of pan-African unity, the OAU sought cultural unity while upholding the boundaries of existing states. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Shah of Iran launches his White Revolution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1963 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    De Gaulle rejects British application to join the EEC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1963<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    De Gaulle exploited the EEC to increase French power, repeatedly rejecting British applications to enter, fearing British clout, and fearing US influence in the EEC through Britain. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Khrushchev ousted in the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    China tests a nuclear weapon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gulf of Tonkin incidents<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US President Johnson exploited attacks on US naval forces in the Gulf of Tonkin to gain Congressional authorization to take any needed actions in Vietnam. The granting of extensive power led to the period of the ‘imperial presidency’ and eventual backlash. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNCTAD established to oversee UN work on development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Nehru<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of Group of 77 (G-77)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Group of 77 was an attempt to organize newly independent states into a bloc capable of negotiating with world powers, the G-77 seeking an improved bargaining position on trade issues. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Second non-aligned summit held in Cairo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Sato government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ousting of Khrushchev in the USSR<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC successfully tests its first atomic bomb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Military overthrows Joao Goulart’s government in Brazil<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1964<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Imprisonment of Nelson Mandela and other senior ANC figures<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1964 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Increasing racial segregation in South Africa led to the imposition of apartheid and eventually the imprisonment of Mandela and ANC leadership. South Africa and other white-ruled states became increasingly militant, seeing segregation as the only guarantee of their positions within society. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Cairo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1964<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayatollah Khomeini goes into exile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1964 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sustained US bombing of North Vietnam begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1965<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First US combat troops arrive in Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1965 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The inability of the US to stabilize South Vietnam through aid or airstrikes led to the large-scale deployment of American troops. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Second African\u2013Asian conference cancelled following a coup in Algeria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1965 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of second Indo-Pakistan War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1965 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A failed army coup in Indonesia paves the way for the eventual overthrow of President Sukarno in Indonesia in 1966.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1965 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The overthrow of Sukarno ended Indonesian leadership of NAM, which sought more radical opposition to neo-colonialism. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of Japan\u2013ROK diplomatic relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1965 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US marines occupy the Dominican Republic<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1965<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South Rhodesia makes a unilateral declaration of independence from Britain<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1965 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1965<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First human rights protest held in Moscow<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1965 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    France leaves NATO’s unified military structure<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Under Charles de Gaulle, France adopted an independent foreign policy seeking to shift Europe away from US dominance. France pursued this policy through the EEC and by withdrawing from NATO’s unified military structure, but failed to bring NATO down. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The International Rice Research Institute launches its IR-8 strain of super-rice<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japan becomes a major investor in the newly formed Asian Development Bank<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1966 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the 1960s, Japan took a leading role in spurring the development of East Asian economies through the Asian Development Bank. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Launch of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1966 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cultural Revolution attempted to purify the communist movement, leading to massive violence and social disorder. As a result, China was unable to maintain an active foreign policy for several years. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fresh purge of KWP in North Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First military coup in Nigeria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nkrumah ousted by a coup in Ghana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ba’thist regime comes to power in Syria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Large-scale Israeli raid into Jordan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nasser regime in Egypt executes Sayyed Qutb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1966<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNGA adopts the ‘UN International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1966 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Glassboro summit (Soviet\u2013American)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1967<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NATO’s Harmel Report<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1967<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sato announces Japan’s ‘Three Nuclear Principles’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Che Guevara killed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1967<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of Biafran War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet intelligence reports massing of Israeli troops along the Syrian border<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nasser moves troops into the Sinai and closes the Straits of Tiran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jordan accedes to the Egyptian\u2013Syrian defence pact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israel launches the Six-Day War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1967 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    War by Syria, Jordan and Egypt against Israel represented the peak of Arab nationalist co-ordination. Following skirmishes early in 1967, and increasing signals of Arab attack, Israel launched a pre-emptive strike, eliminating its opponents one by one, shattering the myth of Arab unity. However, Israeli hubris led to the occupation of extensive territory and unwillingness to make significant concessions. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN Resolution 242 calls for Israel to return to its pre-war borders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Arab defeat in the Six-Day War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1967 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Arab defeat undermined traditional secular Arab nationalism, fuelling the rise of political Islam as an alternative. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    De Gaulle again vetoes British application to join the EEC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1967<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Overthrow of democratic government in Greece<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1967<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of Biafran War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1967 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Nuclear) Non-proliferation Treaty opened for signature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1968<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Warsaw Pact troops enter Czechoslovakia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Soviet response to the ‘Prague Spring’ was reimposition of Soviet control, exemplifying splits within the Eastern Bloc. Soviet action also antagonized China and contributed to Sino-American rapprochement in the 1970s. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Richard Nixon elected in the US<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1968<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tet offensive<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In spite of repeated assurances by US military leaders about progress in the Vietnam War, the North launched a massive offensive during the Tet holiday in early 1968. Images of chaos broadcast by the media undermined American faith in its leaders, ultimately leading Johnson to decide against running for a second term. The offensive was a military disaster, meeting none of its intended goals, but had the unintended effect of undermining US morale. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon elected president<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1968<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    540,000 US troops in South Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1968<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1968 Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Record harvests in India and Pakistan as the result of using Green Revolution crops<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1968 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Publication of Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1968 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK attacks the US spy-ship Pueblo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1968 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet pronouncement of the Brezhnev Doctrine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1968 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Brezhnev Doctrine justified Soviet intervention in Communist Bloc states, as evidenced in the reaction to the Prague Spring. This Soviet stance led to Chinese fears of intervention during the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First phase of the Cultural Revolution is ended<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1968 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1968<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Convening of the UN Conference on Human Rights in Teheran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1968 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Willy Brandt becomes chancellor of FRG<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1969<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Secret bombing campaign (MENU) of Cambodia begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1969<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Vietnamization begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon shifted responsibility for the Vietnam War away from American soldiers to ARVN troops in the process of Vietnamization. The US would continue to provide supplies and air power, but the withdrawal of US troops would ease domestic criticism of the war. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ho Chi Minh dies<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1969<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon\u2013Sato summit reaches agreement on retrocession of the Ryukyu islands<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1969 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Richard Nixon becomes president of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1969 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1969<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sino-Soviet clash on Manchurian\u2013Russian border at Zhenbao Island<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1969 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US\u2013South Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In an attempt to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail used to supply insurgents in South Vietnam, Nixon expanded the Vietnam War to both Cambodia and Laos, leading to domestic backlash against what was perceived to be an abuse of power. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kent State University shootings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1970<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Third non-aligned summit in Lusaka<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1970 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Salvador Allende elected president of Chile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1970<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Nasser who is succeeded by Sadat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1970 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Jordanian civil war also known as Black September which leads Jordan to expel the PLO<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1970 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1970<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1970 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon announces the end of the dollar’s convertibility to gold<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1971<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Four-Power Agreement on Berlin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1971<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South Vietnamese invasion of Laos (Lam Son 719)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1971<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Algeria nationalizes its French-owned oil industry<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1971 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Third Indo-Pakistan War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1971 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The ‘Nixon shocks’ hit Japan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July and August 1971 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US grew increasingly dissatisfied with Japanese relations, seeking greater Japanese military contributions and reduced competition from Japanese industry. The Nixon administration announced its opening of relations with China without prior consultation of Japan, and devalued the dollar soon afterwards. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ROC loses its seat in the UN<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1971 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kissinger announces that Nixon will visit China in the following year<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1971 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon and Kissinger championed the policy of d\u00e9tente, reducing ideological confrontation of the superpowers, and calling for new modes of engagement with the Soviet Bloc. The opening of China was a key element of this new policy, leveraging Sino-Soviet mistrust to increase US diplomatic power. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Purging of Lin Biao in the PRC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1971 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1971<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The PRC accedes to the Chinese permanent seat on the UNSC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1971 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon and Kissinger championed the policy of d\u00e9tente, reducing ideological confrontation of the superpowers, and calling for new modes of engagement with the Soviet Bloc. The opening of China was a key element of this new policy, leveraging Sino-Soviet mistrust to increase US diplomatic power. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Moscow Summit: SALT I and ABM Treaties signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1972<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    North Vietnamese Spring Offensive begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1972<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US Christmas bombings of North Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1972<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN Conference on the environment held in Stockholm<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1972 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The conference resulted in the non-binding Stockholm Declaration on human environment, signifying growing western concern with the effects of industrialization on the environment. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Marcos introduces martial law in the Philippines in response to rural unrest, despite the widespread use of Green Revolution technology<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Formation of Tanaka government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of Japan\u2013PRC relations and end to Japan\u2013ROC official ties<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Park introduces new ‘Yushin’ constitution in the ROK making himself a virtual dictator<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon’s visit to China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Somalia offer the USSR the use of port facilities at Berbera<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1972<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    PLO attack on Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1972 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    One concrete result of d\u00e9tente was increased capacity to negotiate an end to the Vietnam War, withdrawing US troops from an unpopular conflict. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ‘Yom Kippur’ War in the Middle East; oil embargo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Paris Peace Accords signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Last US combat troops leave South Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    War Powers Resolution passed by US Congress<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fourth non-aligned summit in Algiers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1973 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Arab\u2013Israeli War and subsequent OPEC oil price hike<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1973 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Park shifts ROK economy towards the development of heavy industry<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1973 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ROK also exemplified the East Asian development model with governmental assistance in the development of heavy industry. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First oil shock<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1973 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Military junta takes over power in a coup d’\u00e9tat in Uruguay<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Allende’s government overthrown in Chile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Following the Vietnam War, the US had less interest in direct interventions abroad, but continued to employ the CIA in covert actions, as in the overthrow of the elected Allende government in Chile. The Nixon administration feared that a democratically elected socialist government would provide a model for socialism in the region undermining US interests. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Juan Peron returns to the presidency in Argentina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egypt and Syria attack Israel in what is known as the October or the Yom Kippur War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1973 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Failure in the Six-Day War led to extensive rethinking of Arab nationalism. As a result, Egypt sought peace negotiations with Israel, but could make little progress in a position of weakness. Poor Israeli intelligence missed Eygptian\u2013Syrian plans for attack, leading to initial Israeli defeats in the war. Israel quickly regrouped and defeated the Arab states again, with US aid, but Egypt was now able to bargain from a position of equality. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Denmark, Great Britain and Ireland join the EEC (Norwegians rejected membership in a referendum in 1972)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1973<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First Congressional hearings on foreign human rights infringements held in Washington<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1973 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1973<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Overthrow of Allende regime in Chile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1973 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon resigns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1974<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nixon resigns<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1974<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Declaration of need for New International Economic Order at UNGA<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1974 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Overthrow of Caetano regime in Portugal<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1974 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Overthrow of Haile Selassie in Ethiopia and replacement by the Dergue<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1974 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR deports Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn for his dissident activities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1974 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1974<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jackson-Vanik amendment added to US\u2013Soviet trade treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1974 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The addition of human right conditions to a trade agreement with the Soviet Union reflected the trend during d\u00e9tente to link human rights standards to other agreements. While promoting human rights, this undermined the premise of d\u00e9tente that negotiations would avoid ideological or moral issues and focus on realpolitik. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Unification of Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Helsinki Accords (CSCE)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1975<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MPLA declares the independence of the People’s Republic of Angola<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Soviet Union perceived d\u00e9tente as evidence of US decline, and entered into a period of over-extension in Africa. US unwillingness to undertake military interventions after Vietnam prevented any US response to Soviet incursions, but Soviet actions undermined US support for detente. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    North Vietnamese attack on South Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Following the Paris Peace Accords, the US withdrew combat troops from South Vietnam. In the wake of the Watergate scandal, the US Congress refused to authorize air strikes in support of South Vietnam when the latter was invaded by the North. As a result, the South’s military position rapidly collapsed and the country was unified under North Vietnam. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Khmer Rouge takes power in Cambodia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South Vietnam surrenders<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Pathet Lao abolishes monarchy in Laos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1975<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rambouillet summit in France initiates what becomes the G-7<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNGA passes resolution declaring Zionism to be ‘racist’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Jiang Jieshi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Alvor agreement on Angolan independence<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South African and Cuban troops intervene in the Angolan civil war<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1975 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The fall of the Portuguese government led to re-evaluation of colonial policy, with a rapid shift to accepting Angolan and Mozambican independence. Angola rapidly slid into civil war after independence, with outside groups aiding various factions. The Soviet bloc sent military advisors and equipment, expanding Soviet intervention in African affairs. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of civil war in Lebanon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Khmer Rouge takes power in Cambodia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The State Department appoints its first Co-ordinator for Humanitarian Affairs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN Women’s Conference held in Mexico City<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of the Helsinki Accords<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1975<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Indonesian invasion of East Timor<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1975 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jimmy Carter elected in the US<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1976<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    North\u2013South Dialogue negotiations began in Paris<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1976 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Zhou Enlai<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1976 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Mao Zedong<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1976 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A military coup removes Isabel Peron from office in Argentina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1976<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Widespread rioting in Soweto<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1976 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Uprisings tied to Black Consciousness movement and economic hardships led to South African fears of Soviet intervention. In response, the government took a hardline approach to the movement, drawing international condemnation, sanctions, and further energizing black African opposition. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Syrian intervention in Lebanon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1976 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1976<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of Moscow Helsinki Group<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1976 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Brandt Commission on International Development Issues established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1977 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Brandt Commission ultimately called for greater western aid to the developing world, settling on a level of 1 per cent of GNP. This was rejected by the US and other states in the 1980s with a shift towards trade. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of Ogaden War between Somalia and Ethiopia, the USSR opts to back the Marxist-Leninist regime of Mengistu in Addis Ababa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South African Black Consciousness leader Steve Biko murdered in police custody<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNGA introduces a mandatory ban on arms sales to South Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Jimmy Carter becomes president of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Foundation of Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR arrests Yuri Orlov, a leading member of the Moscow Helsinki Group<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1977<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amnesty International awarded the Nobel Peace Prize<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1977 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1978<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Conflict between Ethiopia and Somalia escalates<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1978<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1978<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Vietnam invades Cambodia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1978<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1978<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sino-Japanese peace treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1978 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1978<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Deng Xiaoping emerges as the PRC’s paramount leader<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1978 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1978<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    European Monetary System established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1978<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Shah leaves Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The beginning of the Iranian Revolution heralded a further shift in US policy, with the Carter administration increasingly beleagured by events in Iran. The inability of Carter to resolve the subsequent hostage crisis in Iran contributed to the victory of Reagan in the 1980 election. As a result of the revolution, and US suspicions of Soviet complicity, the US steered further away from d\u00e9tente and towards confrontation. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    SALT II signed in Vienna<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1979<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hostage crisis begins in Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1979<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet Union invades Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet invasion of Afghanistan finally ended d\u00e9tente, the US seeing Soviet military action as part of a co-ordinated threat to US oil interests in the Middle East. Soviet actions were undertaken largely in response to the threat of Islamic nationalism in Central Asia following the Iranian Revolution rather than out of offensive aims. The Afghan War ended up becoming the Soviet equivalent of the Vietnam War, with Russian troops bogged down in an unwinnable conflict. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    China invades Vietnam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Conflict in the region continued after the 1975 unification of Vietnam. Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in late 1978 led to Chinese intervention in early 1979. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egyptian\u2013Israeli peace treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Three-Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of anti-government unrest in South Korea<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Park Chung-Hee murdered by his KCIA chief<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chun Doo Hwan takes power in the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of Sino-Vietnamese war<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Somoza dynasty in Nicaragua overthrown by the Sandinistas headed by Daniel Ortega<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1979<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lancaster House talks in London lead to agreement on majority rule in Rhodesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Egyptian\u2013Israeli peace treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1979 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1979 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The collapse of the Shah’s government led to the founding of a Islamic state dedicated to the propagation of Islamic revolution. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of Soviet intervention in Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1979 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, and western-supported Mujahadeen opponents strengthened the sense of Islamic solidarity. Fighters in the war subsequently led Islamic movements elsewhere. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet Union invades Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet invasion of Afghanistan finally ended d\u00e9tente, the US seeing Soviet military action as part of a co-ordinated threat to US oil interests in the Middle East. Soviet actions were undertaken largely in response to the threat of Islamic nationalism in Central Asia following the Iranian Revolution rather than out of offensive aims. The Afghan War ended up becoming the Soviet equivalent of the Vietnam War, with Russian troops bogged down in an unwinnable conflict. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1979<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First direct elections to the European Parliament<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1979<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Carter withdraws SALT II from ratification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1980<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ronald Reagan elected in the US<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Reagan’s victory in 1980 confirmed the demise of d\u00e9tente, with his open calls for a more direct policy of confrontation with the Soviet Union. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Publication of Brandt report<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Tito<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Massacre of pro-democracy demonstrators in Gwanju in the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of four Special Economic Zones in China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1980 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Following the death of Mao, China embarked on economic liberalization as evidenced in the Special Economic Zones. These zones enabled western technology and investment to enter China, leading to rapid economic growth. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Samuel Doe coup in Liberia ends rule by the traditional oligarchy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Robert Mugabe becomes president of Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of Iran\u2013Iraq War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1980<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Solidarity Movement formed in Poland<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1980 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Canc\u00fan North\u2013South summit conference held<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1981 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of US support for the Nicaraguan Contras<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US continued covert interventions in Central America in the 1980s with operations in El Salvador and Nicaragua. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Assassination of President Sadat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1981 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Takfir wa al-Hijira group assassinate President Sadat of Egypt<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1981 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ronald Reagan becomes President of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1981<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1981<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Greece joins the EEC (as its tenth member)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1981<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mexico forced to negotiate rescue package to avoid defaulting on debts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1982 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mexican debt renegotiation exemplified the third world debt crisis, created by excessive borrowing in the 1970s. In the 1970s, low interest rates and high commodity prices underlay the increase in borrowing, which was undermined by economic changes in the 1980s. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Falklands war between Argentina and Great Britain begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1982<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Israeli invasion of Lebanon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1982 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A 1975 Lebanese civil war led to Syrian intervention and the use of southern Lebanon as a base for PLO attacks. In early 1982, Lebanon attemtped to expel Syrian forces with Israeli assistance, but the failure of this plan led to direct Israeli military intervention. The loss of a key Lebanese Maronite ally left Israel mired in the Lebanese civil war until 1983. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    PLO evacuated from Beirut to Tunis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1982 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Massacre of Palestinian and Shi’a refugees at Sabra and Shatilla camps<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1982 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Asad regime in Syria crushes an Islamic movement in Hama<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1982 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Creation of Hizb’allah in southern Lebanon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hizb’allah provided another form of political Islam, with a focus on the specific conflict between Palestine and Israel, with the goal of liberating southern Lebanon. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1982<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iurii Andropov becomes Secretary-General of the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1982<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US marines intervene on the island of Grenada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1983<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    End of military rule in Argentina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1983<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lebanese\u2013Israeli peace agreement signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1983 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Reagan proposes Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US plans to build a missile defence system involved a major escalation in the arms race which the Soviet Union could ill-afford. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1983<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US troops overthrow regime in Grenada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1983<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Explosion of Bhopal chemical plant in India<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1984 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Sahel area of Ethiopia ravaged by famine<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1984 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1984<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Konstantin Chernenko becomes Secretary-General of the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1984<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Prime Minister Nakasone visits the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1985 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ‘Plaza Accord’ signed in New York in which Japan promises to increase the value of the yen<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1985 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Following increased tensions between the US and Japan over the latter’s trade surplus, Japan agreed to increase the value of the yen, thereby increasing the cost of Japanese exports to the US. Japan was attempting to shift away from an export-driven economic model, and the currency shift was also intended to spur domestic demand. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    End of military rule in Uruguay<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1985<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Live Aid concerts in London and Philadelphia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1985 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South African president P. W. Botha publicly rejects the idea of ‘one man, one vote’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1985 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Mikhail Gorbachev ascends to power in Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Gorbachev’s ascendance brought a radically new approach to managing Soviet problems. In response to structural challenges in the Soviet system, he advocated Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring), broadening public discussion on reforms. The reform process soon escaped state control. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Schengen Agreement eliminating border controls signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1985<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1985<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR allows the leading dissident, Elena Bonner, to go abroad for medical treatment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1985 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Doi Moi economic reform begins in Vietnam; similar reforms begin in Laos<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1986<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Meltdown of nuclear reactor at Chernobyl<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1986 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ‘Baby Doc’ Duvalier ousted in Haiti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1986<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Chernobyl nuclear accident<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1986<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Reagan and Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Reagan and Gorbachev established a good working relationship, negotiating significant reductions of nuclear weapons. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iran\u2013Contra Affair revealed to public<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1986 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Spain and Portugal join the EEC<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1986<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Single European Act (SEA) signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1986<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR releases the dissident Anatoly Shchransky from internal exile. Orlov, Sakharov and Bonner follow later in the year.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1986 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1986<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The US withdraws backing from the Marcos regime in the Philippines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1986 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Publication of the Brundtland report on sustainable development<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1987 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lifting of martial law in Taiwan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1987 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In the 1980s, both Taiwan and ROK shifted towards greater democratic rule, reflecting the demands of a rising middle class in the prosperous states. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ROKA forced to allow first free presidential elections in the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1987 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of the first intifada<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1987 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The 1987 intifada differed from earlier conflicts in its internal focus between Palestinians and Israelis, rather than foreign war between Israel and Arab states. The conflict also relied on civil disobedience, leaving Israel with the reputation of aggressors in the war. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of the first intifada and the birth of Hamas<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1987 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hamas was initially formed as a religious and social organization, but the first intifada led the group to champion Islamic nationalism through the creation of Islamic state in Palestine. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    INF Treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1987 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1987<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The USSR frees another 140 political prisoners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1987 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UNGA ordered the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to prepare a report on global warming<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1988 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of President Jiang Jingguo in Taiwan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1988 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Seoul hosts the Olympic Games<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1988 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    End of Iran\u2013Iraq War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1988 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1988<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    George H. W. Bush elected president of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1988<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cambodia begins economic reform<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of collapse of Japan’s ‘bubble economy’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1989 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The increased value of the yen following the Plaza Accord did not result in greater domestic domand, but in the creation of asset bubbles, including the stock market and real estate. These collapsed after 1989, triggering an extensive deflationary period from which Japan has still not fully emerged. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tiananmen Square massacre<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1989 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The economic growth in the 1980s was accompanied by increased demands for democracy. With the shift towards Glasnost in the Soviet Union, students in China called for democracy and party reforms. The resulting government crackdown did not lead to a shift away from economic liberalization, but did lead to increasing focus on economic progress to legitimize the regime. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Paraguay’s long-term dictator Alfredo Stroessner deposed in a coup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US marines land in Panama and capture Manuel Noriega<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Omar al-Bashir comes to power as the result of a coup in Sudan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1989 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet withdrawal of forces from Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1989 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Ayatollah Khomeini<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1989 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Omar al-Bashir seizes power in Sudan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1989 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    China puts down the Tiananmen Square protests<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Poland gets first non-communist government since the Second World War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1989 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hungary forms a non-communist government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Berlin Wall falls<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    In autumn 1989, Hungary allowed East Germans to escape through its territory into the west. In early November, crowds assembled at the Berlin Wall seeking freedom to cross, and were allowed through. In the following weeks the communist governments in other eastern bloc states fell, the opening of the Wall symbolized the collapse of the Soviet system. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1989<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fall of the Berlin Wall<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1989<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of ROK\u2013Soviet relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1990 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Japanese Diet refuses to send SDF elements to serve in the first Gulf War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1990 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Augusto Pinochet resigns as President of Chile<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1990<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    South African president F. W. de Klerk announces the end of apartheid, the lifting of the ban on the ANC and the release of political prisoners<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1990 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The surprise announcement by de Klerk paved the way for the release of Nelson Mandela from prison and the transition to a true democracy. White South African opinion shifted in the 1980s as a result of sanctions, opposition by business interests, and the end of the Cold War. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iraqi invasion of Kuwait<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1990 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) become independent<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1990<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Boris Yeltsin elected to presidency of Russia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1990<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Iraq invades Kuwait<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait triggered Operation Desert Storm by the a US-led alliance. The military action exemplified the changed strategic situation after the end of the Cold War, as the US was able to undertake military action without Soviet opposition, and in fact had Russian co-operation. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Germany reunited<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    After the collapse of the eastern bloc, German reunification symbolized the transformation of Europe. While European states had misgivings about the implications of German unification, Germany remained tied to the European Union. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1990<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    German unification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1990<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay agree to form the Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1991 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    MERCOSUR attempted to form a regional trade bloc to boost economic growth within member states, as well as improving bargaining position with other trading nations. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Haiti’s democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide ousted in a military coup<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1991<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fall of Siad Barre regime in Somalia and start of descent into country becoming a ‘failed state’<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1991 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of the Madrid Arab\u2013Israeli peace conference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1991 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Operation Desert Storm against Iraq begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1991<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Warsaw Pact dissolved<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1991<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yugoslav Federation begins to fall apart<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Following Tito’s death, Yugoslavia began a slow disintegration, accelerated with the end of the Cold War. The breakup of the Federation created security challenges for Europe. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    US\u2013Soviet START Agreement signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1991<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hardliners fail to regain power in the Soviet Union<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Angry with the direction of Soviet policy, hardliners attempted a coup to remove Gorbachev from power. Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia, defied the miltary leaders, who soon lost the support of the army. The Soviet Union was effectively defunct as a result of the coup attempt, and was formally abolished in December 1991. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1991<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Soviet Union formally dissolved<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1991<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    UN Conference on the Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1992 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Rio Declaration was a non-binding statement recognizing principles of sustainable development, reflecting environmental concerns and tensions between the demands for development and environmental quality. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    National Assembly in Taiwan announces that first presidential general election will be held in 1996<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Opening of ROK\u2013PRC relations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kim Young Sam elected as the first civilian president of the ROK since 1962<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Deng Xiaoping starts tour of South China<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A 12-year civil war in El Salvador ends<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1992<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Army seizes power in Algeria to prevent an Islamist electoral victory<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Osama Bin Laden takes sanctuary in Sudan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1992<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Algerian government suspends elections to prevent an Islamic victory, leading to civil war<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bill Clinton elected president of the United States<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1992<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Treaty of European Union (TEU) signed in Maastricht<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Maastricht Treaty forged the European Union out of the EEC, with goals of a common currency, central bank and common foreign policy. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1992<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Television news broadcasts report on the prison camp at Omarska in Bosnia-Herzegovina<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1992 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cambodia becomes a constitutional monarchy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1993 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The LDP loses the first election since its formation and is replaced by a coalition government<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1993 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The DPRK withdraws from the Nuclear Proliferation Treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1993 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    North Korean withdrawal from the NPT exemplified its shift towards nuclear blackmail, with construction of atomic weaponry and threats of war being used to extort economic concessions from the west. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Declaration of Principles (or Oslo Accords) signed in Washington<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1993 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Oslo Accords between Israel and Palestine set principles of mutual recognition and limited self-government, allowing subsequent peace treaties between Israel and its Arab neighbour states. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Creation of Jemaah Islamiya<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1993<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    First Islamist attempt to blow up the World Trade Center in New York<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1993 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    American troops attacked in Somalia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1993<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1993<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The UN establishes a war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1993 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The LDP returns to government in coalition with the JSP<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Kim Il-Sung and succession of Kim Il-Jung<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Former US president Carter negotiates a nuclear treaty with the DPRK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) enters into force<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NAFTA combined the US, Canada and Mexico into a large trade bloc, vastly expanding Mexican trade with the US. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Aristide returned to power in Haiti<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1994<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Beginning of Rwandan genocide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1994 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Inter-ethnic conflict spurred massive genocide in Rwanda, by Hutu against Tutsi, with the deaths of 800,000 people. The rapid action and confused foreign accounts of the events prevented effective intervention by the international community until it was too late. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Nelson Mandela becomes the first democratically elected leader of South Africa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1994 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The end of apartheid saw the election of Nelson Mandela, providing a model of democratic leadership for Africa. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of the Israeli\u2013Jordanian peace treaty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Saudi Arabia revokes Osama Bin Laden’s citizenship<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of the first Chechnya War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genocide in Rwanda begins<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1994<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1994<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The UN establishes a war crimes trial for the Rwandan genocide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1994 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Establishment of World Trade Organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1995 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Signing of the Israeli\u2013Palestinian Interim Agreement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1995 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Assassination of Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1995 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Srebrenica massacre of Bosnian Muslims<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1995 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    GATT becomes the World Trade Organization<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The creation of the WTO symbolized American ascendancy after the Cold War, with its institution of the ‘Washington Consensus’ model for economic growth. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Dayton Agreements end the conflict in the former Yugoslavia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1995<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union (EU)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    With the end of the Cold War, the neutral states Austria, Finland and Sweden rapidly joined the EU. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1995<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Srebrenica massacre of Bosnian Muslims<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1995 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Lee Teng-hui wins Taiwan’s first democratic presidential election<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1996 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Guatemalan civil war ends with the signing of a UN-sponsored peace accord<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1996<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Rwanda intervenes in civil war in eastern Congo (Zaire)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1996 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1996<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Taliban take control of Kabul and establish the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1996 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Taliban was formed through Pakistani assistance to the Pashtun people. In contrast to Iranian revolutionaries, the Sunni Taliban instituted a rule opposed to modernity. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1997 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Kyoto Protocol bound the developed world to lower carbon emission levels, allowing the developing world to continue higher levels of pollution while generating economic growth. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The ROK is forced to turn to the IMF to bail out its economy in the ‘Asian flu’ crisis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The veteran democrat Kim Dae Jung becomes president of the ROK<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Death of Deng Xiaoping<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Reversion of Hong Kong to Chinese rule<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    President Mobutu of Zaire falls from power<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Charles Taylor ‘wins’ election in Liberia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Cease-fire agreed in Algeria with the Islamic Salvation Army<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda linked to massacre of tourists at Luxor in Egypt by Egyptian Islamists<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    November 1997 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1997<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Amsterdam Treaty signed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    October 1997<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of new civil war in the Congo with interventions by Angola, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    July 1998 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Fall of President Suharto in Indonesia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    May 1998 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Al-Qaeda attack on the US embassies in Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1998 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Belfast agreement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1998<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    European Central Bank (ECB) established<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1998<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The Treaty of Rome signed which laid the foundations for the establishment of an International Criminal Court<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    June 1998 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1998<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Former Rwandan prime minister, Jean Kambanda, sentenced to life imprisonment for contravening the 1948 UN Convention on Genocide<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1998 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Inauguration of the G-20 meeting of finance ministers<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    September 1999 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Hugo Chavez becomes president of Venezuela<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    February 1999<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Outbreak of communal violence along religious lines in Ambon<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1999 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Start of the second Chechnya War<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    August 1999 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NATO air strikes against Serbia force an end to occupation of Kosovo<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1999<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Vladimir Putin becomes president of Russia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    December 1999<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eleven members of the EU (Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain) agree to adopt the Euro<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    January 1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The adoption of the Euro greatly accelerated European integration. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, in a speech in Chicago outlines the need to use force to remove despotic regimes from power<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    April 1999 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

    \n

    1999<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NATO begins bombing of strategic targets in Yugoslavia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    March 1999 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    NATO action in Yugoslavia exemplified the responsibility to protect, and raised the related issue of state sovereignty. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The latter half of the 20th century witnessed humanity\u2019s greatest technological leaps while social movements fought for equality and justice. The Cold War defined international relations as digital technology began transforming daily life.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":540,"menu_order":0,"template":"wp-custom-template-single-chapter-page","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-730","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/730\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":790,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/730\/revisions\/790"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/540"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/internationalhistory20c\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}