{"id":176,"date":"2025-10-14T09:17:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T09:17:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/?post_type=content&#038;p=176"},"modified":"2025-10-15T10:16:36","modified_gmt":"2025-10-15T10:16:36","slug":"chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/students\/chapter-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 3 \u2013 Fast-Food Blues: Work in a Global Economy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#ddeffb;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:10px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/students\/\" title=\"Students\">Students<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tChapter 3 \u2013 Fast-Food Blues: Work in a Global Economy\n<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12dd3699 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h1 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700; margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;\" class=\"wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 3 \u2013 Fast-Food Blues: Work in a Global Economy<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6432667e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0px;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<svg width=\"300\" height=\"27\" viewBox=\"0 0 567 27\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M386.62 0.124053C381.906 0.107938 378.105 0.094948 375.903 0.0913075C375.014 0.0913075 374.168 0.118182 373.404 0.142445C372.775 0.162412 372.202 0.18061 371.706 0.18061C353.572 0.0391921 334.39 0.060517 315.198 0.0818535C304.96 0.093235 294.719 0.10462 284.633 0.0913075C279.232 0.0823061 273.825 0.14953 268.416 0.216778C266.19 0.244447 263.964 0.27212 261.738 0.294489C256.77 0.165986 251.843 0.27107 246.932 0.375789C244.605 0.425409 242.283 0.474947 239.961 0.499513C220.453 0.706649 200.903 0.69835 181.357 0.690053C174.421 0.687109 167.486 0.684166 160.554 0.690848C147.866 0.705854 135.177 0.715345 122.488 0.724837C92.0306 0.747618 61.5709 0.770402 31.1175 0.869452C28.9243 0.875818 26.7352 0.836909 24.5524 0.798113C17.9876 0.681434 11.4802 0.565776 5.095 1.68582C5.03759 1.6922 4.95147 1.70496 4.86536 1.71773C4.77924 1.73049 4.69312 1.74325 4.63572 1.74963C2.74552 2.00738 2.57406 2.40981 2.40241 2.8127C2.31921 3.00797 2.23597 3.20335 1.95696 3.38241C-1.93366 5.8571 1.14058 6.63521 12.7359 6.27804C14.8623 6.2136 17.0972 6.28479 19.2884 6.35458C19.6998 6.36769 20.1097 6.38074 20.5171 6.39284C25.3774 6.54862 32.9433 6.58603 38.8438 6.61521C40.1908 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245.931 19.1495C235.19 19.0562 223.871 19.0814 212.511 19.1066C205.226 19.1227 197.925 19.139 190.748 19.124C187.518 19.1155 184.282 19.175 181.045 19.2345C179.443 19.2639 177.841 19.2933 176.239 19.3146C173.058 19.176 169.906 19.2812 166.768 19.3859C165.319 19.4343 163.873 19.4825 162.429 19.5067C151.506 19.6814 140.561 19.6933 129.611 19.7052C123.772 19.7116 117.932 19.718 112.093 19.749C84.7315 19.8766 57.3695 20.0679 30.0203 20.6547C28.6316 20.6865 27.2444 20.6731 25.8614 20.6598C21.693 20.6197 17.5623 20.58 13.5394 21.7773C13.4757 21.8028 13.3353 21.841 13.2588 21.8538C12.0776 22.1277 11.9761 22.5337 11.8754 22.9369C11.826 23.1346 11.7767 23.3316 11.6005 23.5121C9.18957 26.0251 11.154 26.7777 18.4888 26.2802C19.9066 26.1781 21.4051 26.2273 22.8677 26.2753C23.05 26.2813 23.2317 26.2873 23.4127 26.2929C26.2597 26.3888 30.5618 26.355 34.143 26.3269C35.3273 26.3176 36.4328 26.3089 37.3807 26.3057C39.7105 26.2993 42.1539 26.1759 44.5439 26.0553C46.8909 25.9368 49.1864 25.821 51.272 25.821C59.844 25.8271 68.413 25.9327 76.9805 26.0383C86.3006 26.1531 95.6189 26.268 104.937 26.2547C115.947 26.2343 126.957 26.0917 137.969 25.949C147.689 25.823 157.411 25.697 167.136 25.6551C178.176 25.6488 189.222 25.6392 200.268 25.6296C211.315 25.62 222.363 25.6105 233.404 25.6041C239.553 25.569 245.702 25.5555 251.851 25.5419C270.298 25.5012 288.75 25.4606 307.224 24.8387C318.12 24.4587 329.097 24.4425 340.078 24.4263C346.053 24.4175 352.029 24.4087 357.993 24.3413C364.984 24.2775 369.512 22.8616 369.602 20.6037C369.685 18.5993 363.801 18.5799 359.755 18.5665C359.45 18.5655 359.155 18.5645 358.874 18.5627C338.707 18.4623 318.51 18.6542 298.299 18.8462C292.826 18.8982 287.352 18.9502 281.878 18.9964Z\" fill=\"#b4b0b0\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2871531c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In this chapter, we shift away from the perspective of the consumer to look at the people who work in the global food economy. Through an in-depth look at the fast-food industry, we explore sociological approaches to work, with a particular focus on concepts of wage labor, alienation, class, ideology, and hegemony. Profiling the research method of ethnography, we consider how macrosociological processes like the rise of transnational corporations shape everyday experiences and interactions among workers. We also discuss the theory of McDonaldization, which extends Weber\u2019s famous writings on the iron cage of bureaucracy and presents the fast-food icon as a model for rational, efficient, predictable workplaces. Finally, we highlight some key challenges facing workers, particularly as they struggle to improve working conditions in the fast-food industry.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Royle, Tony, and Yvonne Rueckert. 2022. \u201cMcStrike! Framing, (Political) Opportunity and the Development of a Collective Identity: McDonald\u2019s and the UK Fast-Food Rights Campaign.\u201d <em>Work, Employment and Society<\/em> 36(3):407\u201326. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0950017020959264\">10.1177\/0950017020959264<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article explores how McDonald\u2019s UK workers developed a collective identity during<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>the Fast-Food Rights (FFR) campaign. The campaign began in 2014, inspired by movements like the US-based Fight for $15, with the aim of improving wages and working conditions for fast-food workers. Despite the fragmented nature of the workforce, the study highlights how workers used framing to recognize and articulate their grievances and form solutions collectively.&nbsp;The authors emphasize the importance of political and media support, as well as the role of worker leaders in shaping collective identity and mobilizing action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Discussion questions<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How did framing contribute to the success of the FFR campaign? Which frames were most powerful and why?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What external factors, such as media coverage or public support, contributed to the workers\u2019 ability to mobilize?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What challenges did the workers face in building solidarity given the diversity of their backgrounds, including students, economic migrants, and second-income earners?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What lessons can be learned from the FFR campaign in terms of organizing fragmented and insecure workforces in other industries?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p>Ritzer, George, and Steven Miles. 2019. \u201cThe Changing Nature of Consumption and the Intensification of McDonaldization in the Digital Age.\u201d <em>Journal of Consumer Culture<\/em> 19(1):3\u201320. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1469540518818628\">10.1177\/1469540518818628<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In an update to George Ritzer\u2019s (1993) McDonaldization thesis, this article argues the rationalization characteristic of fast-food establishments\u2014defined by efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control\u2014has intensified with the rise of digital consumption platforms. They compare traditional brick-and-mortar businesses like McDonald\u2019s and Wal-Mart to digital giants like Amazon, noting that digital platforms more effectively embody McDonaldization principles by automating processes and reducing human involvement. The authors emphasize that digital consumption turns consumers into \u201cprosumers\u201d (see Chapters 9 and 10), who simultaneously produce and consume, further streamlining the consumption process. Overall, they suggest that McDonaldization is even more relevant in the digital age, profoundly reshaping and rationalizing social and economic relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Discussion questions<\/summary>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How has the concept of McDonaldization evolved since the advent of digital consumption platforms like Amazon?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways does the drive for hyper-efficiency in digital economies lead to \u201cirrational\u201d outcomes, such as overconsumption or labor exploitation on gig economy platforms?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are some key differences and similarities between brick-and-mortar and platform-based digital businesses as they relate to McDonaldization principles?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Do you agree with the authors\u2019 argument that digital consumption intensifies McDonaldization?<ul><li>Can the McDonaldization framework account for the personalization and customization options increasingly available on digital platforms, which contrast previous emphases on standardization?<\/li><\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Does McDonaldization capture the fluid and flexible nature of contemporary work environments, which contrast with the rigid control and predictability of traditional brick-and-mortar businesses?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can you think of any contemporary challenges to McDonaldization? How effective are they?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p>Pachirat, Timothy. 2011. <em>Every Twelve Seconds: Industrialized Slaughter and the Politics of Sight<\/em>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Chapter 1, \u201cHidden in Plain Sight.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The opening chapter of&nbsp;<em>\u201cEvery Twelve Seconds\u201d <\/em>explores the ways that industrialized slaughterhouses are hidden, both physically and socially. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research, Pachirat argues that this separation allows society to consume meat without confronting the violence and labor behind its production. He examines how this concealment is a form of power that shields morally and physically repugnant processes from public view. The chapter also draws parallels between slaughterhouses and other institutions where violence is hidden, such as prisons and war, emphasizing the role of distance in maintaining societal complicity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Discussion questions<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does the concealment of slaughterhouse practices affect our understandings of meat consumption?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the ethical implications of delegating the violent act of killing to certain groups, such as immigrants and low-wage workers? Who benefits from industrial animal agriculture?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does the invisibility of slaughterhouse work reflect and reinforce broader racial and class inequalities? In what ways are marginalized groups disproportionately impacted by the dangerous and dehumanizing work in slaughterhouses?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How can exposing the hidden realities of slaughterhouses lead to political or social transformation? Do you see this \u201cpolitics of sight\u201d in broader movements that aim to make concealed forms of violence visible (e.g., environmental activism, labor rights)?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-quizzes\">Quizzes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Test your knowledge with the Chapter 3 quizzes!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ef310a45 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b2d9c27d23edfb98b7f3b30ba6280db2 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-50bd6d79 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\">Quiz<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"3\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"3\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 3\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"1\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"3\",\"pagekey\":\"UbrwadfP\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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\"138,144,158,142,157,147,139,148,153,156,149,143,135,137,151,152,150,140,155,154,136,146,159,141,145\" + \"; \" + expires + \"; path=\/\";\n\t\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-1\" data-apid=\"1\" data-qpid=\"1\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-138 slide0 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>1.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Many Canadian tourists like the fact that a \u201cBurger King\u201d meal in Budapest is likely to be nearly identical to a \u201cBurger King\u201d meal in Toronto. 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for=\"question138_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCalculability\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question138-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question138\" id=\"question138_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question138_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPredictability\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question138-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question138\" id=\"question138_4\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question138_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tControl\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question138_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question138\" id=\"question138_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_138\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-144 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>2.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What did Timothy Pachirat&#039;s ethnographic study reveal about the labor practices in industrial slaughterhouses? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question144-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question144\" id=\"question144_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question144_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe meatpacking industry is one of the highest-paying sectors in the food industry\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question144-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question144\" id=\"question144_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question144_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWorkers experienced high levels of autonomy and job satisfaction\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question144-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question144\" id=\"question144_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question144_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe slaughterhouse labor process is hidden from public view to prevent discomfort and criticism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question144-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question144\" id=\"question144_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question144_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAll of the above\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question144_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question144\" id=\"question144_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_144\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-158 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>3.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The term ________ refers to large companies that operate across national boundaries and dominate the global food industry. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question158\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">transnational corporations<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">global bureaucracies<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_158\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-142 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>4.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The term McJobs&quot; refers to jobs that are typically characterized by which of the following?&quot; <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question142-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question142\" id=\"question142_1\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question142_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCreative and autonomous work environments\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question142-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question142\" id=\"question142_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question142_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tOpportunities for upward mobility\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question142-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question142\" id=\"question142_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question142_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLow wages, lack of benefits, and high job insecurity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question142-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question142\" id=\"question142_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question142_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHigh wages and full-time hours\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question142_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question142\" id=\"question142_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_142\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-157 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>5.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Antonio Gramsci&#039;s concept of _________ explains how dominant ideas in society become accepted as common sense, helping to maintain social order. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question157\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">false consciousness<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">hegemony<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_157\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-147 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>6.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Wage labor in capitalist economies means that workers control the products they create and how much they earn from their work. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question147-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question147\" id=\"question147_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question147_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question147-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question147\" id=\"question147_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question147_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question147_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question147\" id=\"question147_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_147\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-139 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>7.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which concept involves understanding how social movements gather support and build organizational capacity for success? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question139-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question139\" id=\"question139_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question139_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tResource mobilization\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question139-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question139\" id=\"question139_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question139_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPolitical process model\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question139-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question139\" id=\"question139_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question139_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHegemony\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question139-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question139\" id=\"question139_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question139_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tBureaucratization\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question139_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question139\" id=\"question139_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_139\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-148 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>8.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Hegemony refers to the ways in which dominant ideas become accepted as common sense in society, often benefiting the ruling class. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question148-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question148\" id=\"question148_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question148_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question148-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question148\" id=\"question148_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question148_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question148_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question148\" id=\"question148_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_148\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-153 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>9.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Alienation describes how workers in capitalist systems form close, personal connections with the products they produce and the work they perform. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question153-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question153_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question153-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question153_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question153_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question153\" id=\"question153_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_153\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-156 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>10.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>As a characteristic of McDonaldization, the principle of ________ refers to the emphasis on quantifiable aspects of products, such as size and speed of service, often at the expense of quality. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question156\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">efficiency<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">calculability<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_156\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-11\" data-apid=\"11\" data-qpid=\"11\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-149 slide10 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>11.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The irrationality of rationality refers to the idea that highly rationalized systems, like McDonaldization, can produce negative outcomes for workers and society. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question149-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question149\" id=\"question149_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question149_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question149-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question149\" id=\"question149_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question149_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question149_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question149\" id=\"question149_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_149\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-12\" data-apid=\"12\" data-qpid=\"12\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-143 slide11 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>12.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following is an example of resistance to the conditions created by McDonaldization? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question143-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question143\" id=\"question143_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question143_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIncreased automation in the food industry\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question143-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question143\" id=\"question143_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question143_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tExpansion of fast-food outlets globally\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question143-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question143\" id=\"question143_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question143_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWorkers organizing protests and strikes to demand better wages\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question143-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question143\" id=\"question143_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question143_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFast-food franchises adopting efficiency standards\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question143_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question143\" id=\"question143_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_143\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-13\" data-apid=\"13\" data-qpid=\"13\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-135 slide12 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>13.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Wage labor is a relatively recent historical development. Which of the following structural changes is it associated with? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question135-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question135\" id=\"question135_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question135_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment of capitalism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question135-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question135\" id=\"question135_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question135_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment of global commodity chains\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question135-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question135\" id=\"question135_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question135_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment of service economy\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question135-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question135\" id=\"question135_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question135_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment of large-scale agriculture\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question135_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question135\" id=\"question135_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_135\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-14\" data-apid=\"14\" data-qpid=\"14\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-137 slide13 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>14.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following is NOT one of the four key dimensions of McDonaldization? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question137-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question137\" id=\"question137_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question137_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tPredictability\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question137-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question137\" id=\"question137_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question137_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEfficiency\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question137-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question137\" id=\"question137_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question137_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tInnovation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question137-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question137\" id=\"question137_4\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question137_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCalculability\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question137_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question137\" id=\"question137_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_137\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-15\" data-apid=\"15\" data-qpid=\"15\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-151 slide14 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>15.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>In the global food economy, countries in the Global North tend to have more power and resources than those in the Global South. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question151-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question151_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question151-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question151_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question151_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question151\" id=\"question151_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_151\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-16\" data-apid=\"16\" data-qpid=\"16\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-152 slide15 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>16.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Workers in fast-food industries often have high levels of control over their work schedules and routines. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question152-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question152_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question152-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question152_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question152_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question152\" id=\"question152_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_152\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-17\" data-apid=\"17\" data-qpid=\"17\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-150 slide16 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>17.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>McDonaldization only applies to the fast-food industry and cannot be observed in other sectors. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question150-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question150_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question150-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question150_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question150_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question150\" id=\"question150_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_150\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-18\" data-apid=\"18\" data-qpid=\"18\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-140 slide17 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>18.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Under capitalist conditions of production, workers become detached from the products of their labour, the production process, and other workers. Sociologists call this detachment _________. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question140-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question140\" id=\"question140_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question140_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHegemony\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question140-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question140\" id=\"question140_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question140_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tAlienation\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question140-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question140\" id=\"question140_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question140_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMcDonaldization\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question140-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question140\" id=\"question140_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question140_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCommodity fetishism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question140_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question140\" id=\"question140_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_140\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-19\" data-apid=\"19\" data-qpid=\"19\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-155 slide18 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>19.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The ________ model emphasizes the importance of political opportunities in shaping the success or failure of social movements? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question155\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">resource mobilization<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">political process<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_155\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-20\" data-apid=\"20\" data-qpid=\"20\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-154 slide19 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>20.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The declining rate of union membership in the U.S. private sector has made it more difficult for fast-food workers to organize and improve their working conditions. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question154-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question154_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question154-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question154_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question154_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question154\" id=\"question154_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_154\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-21\" data-apid=\"21\" data-qpid=\"21\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-136 slide20 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>21.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>According to Marx, alienation is caused by the relationships between <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question136-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question136\" id=\"question136_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question136_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWorkers and employers\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question136-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question136\" id=\"question136_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question136_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWorkers and the nation-state\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question136-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question136\" id=\"question136_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question136_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEmployers and the nation-state\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question136-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question136\" id=\"question136_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question136_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWorkers and managers\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question136_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question136\" id=\"question136_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_136\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-22\" data-apid=\"22\" data-qpid=\"22\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-146 slide21 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>22.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>George Ritzer\u2019s concept of McDonaldization is primarily intended to build on Karl Marx\u2019s theory of alienation. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question146-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question146\" id=\"question146_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question146_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question146-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question146\" id=\"question146_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question146_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question146_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question146\" id=\"question146_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_146\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-23\" data-apid=\"23\" data-qpid=\"23\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-159 slide22 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>23.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>When fast-food companies portray their products and practices in a way that makes inequality and exploitation seem natural or justified, they are promoting ________. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question159\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">a feeling of alienation<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">an ideological belief<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_159\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-24\" data-apid=\"24\" data-qpid=\"24\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-141 slide23 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>24.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which sociologist&#039;s work on rationalization directly influenced Ritzer&#039;s development of the McDonaldization thesis? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question141-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question141\" id=\"question141_1\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question141_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEmile Durkheim\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question141-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question141\" id=\"question141_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question141_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tKarl Marx\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question141-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question141\" id=\"question141_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question141_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tErving Goffman\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question141-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question141\" id=\"question141_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question141_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMax Weber\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question141_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question141\" id=\"question141_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_141\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-25\" data-apid=\"25\" data-qpid=\"25\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-145 slide24 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>25.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The Fight for $15 movement focuses primarily on improving food quality in the fast-food industry. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question145-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question145\" id=\"question145_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question145_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question145-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question145\" id=\"question145_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question145_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question145_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question145\" id=\"question145_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_145\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"138Q144Q158Q142Q157Q147Q139Q148Q153Q156Q149Q143Q135Q137Q151Q152Q150Q140Q155Q154Q136Q146Q159Q141Q145Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"25\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"25\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"quiz_answer_random_ids\" id=\"quiz_answer_random_ids_3\" value=\"a:25:{i:138;a:4:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:2;}i:144;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:3;}i:158;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:142;a:4:{i:0;i:3;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:0;}i:157;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:147;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:139;a:4:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:3;}i:148;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:153;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:156;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:149;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:143;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:0;}i:135;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:0;}i:137;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:0;i:3;i:2;}i:151;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:152;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:150;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:140;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:0;i:3;i:1;}i:155;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:154;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:136;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:1;}i:146;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:159;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:141;a:4:{i:0;i:3;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:0;}i:145;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}}\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-active-learning-further-online-resources\">Active Learning \u2013 Further Online Resources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A spy in the slaughterhouse:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read this interview with Timothy Pachirat to learn more about his ethnographic research at an industrial slaughterhouse in Kansas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>McWilliams, James. 2012. \u201cA Spy in the Slaughterhouse.\u201d <em>The Atlantic<\/em>, 5 June 2012. Accessed 28 June 2014.&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2012\/06\/a-spy-in-the-slaughterhouse\/258110\/\">www.theatlantic.com\/national\/archive\/2012\/06\/a-spy-in-the-slaughterhouse\/258110\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Walmarts of higher ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article in the <em>Atlantic<\/em>, Timothy Pratt explores the concern that a university education is becoming increasingly organized around market principles\u2014a shift that some suggest is creating \u201cWalmarts of higher education\u201d. Pratt, Timothy. 2013. \u201cWe are creating Walmarts of higher education.\u201d <em>The Atlantic<\/em>, 26 December 2013. Accessed 21 June 2014.&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/education\/archive\/2013\/12\/we-are-creating-walmarts-of-higher-education\/282619\/\">www.theatlantic.com\/education\/archive\/2013\/12\/we-are-creating-walmarts-of-higher-education\/282619\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Refresh your knowledge of key terms with this chapter\u2019s flashcards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Capitalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and oriented towards the generation of profit for reinvestment or private gain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Class<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>People who share similar levels of income, wealth, education, occupational prestige, lifestyle, taste, social status, and\/or access to material goods and services within systems of social stratification<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Proletariat <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Karl Marx&#8217;s term for the class under capitalism that owns only its labour; i.e., workers<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Bourgeoisie <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Karl Marx&#8217;s term for the class under capitalism that owns the means of production; i.e., capitalists <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Means of production<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Karl Marx\u2019s term for the physical and material resources (e.g., factories, tools, land) required to produce goods and services. In Marxist theory, control over the means of production is what defines class relations in capitalist societies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Alienation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A feeling of disconnection or estrangement often associated with work under capitalist conditions. Marx identified four forms of alienation: alientation from the fruits of one&#8217;s labour, the labour process, other workers, and human creativity <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Wage labour<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A relationship in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer in return for an agreed-upon monetary return <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Commodity fetishism <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A Marxist term describing how various facets of production are obscured at the final end-point of consumption<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ethnography<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sociological research method in which the researcher observes and\/or interacts with people in everyday contexts in order to describe and interpret actions, settings, experiences, or ways of life from an insider\u2019s perspective<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social location <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An individual\u2019s position within various overlapping social groups, such as gender, age, race, class, sexuality, religion, and language <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Transnational corporations (TNCs)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Business enterprises that span national boundaries, and control assets, manage production, and\/or deliver goods and services in multiple geographic locations<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Commodity chain<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The path that a commodity takes from its conception and design, to its manufacturing, retailing, and consumption, to its final end as a waste product<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Global North\/Global South<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Terms used to differentiate countries of relative industrialization, development, and wealth in the global political economy. Global North countries are relatively rich and powerful, whereas countries in the Global South have large poor populations and less clout in the international system<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Ideology<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A set of beliefs, opinions, images, and attitudes that form a loose set of related ideas. In Marxist theory, the term is used to describe ideas that are in some sense distorted, false, and disguise an underlying inequality or exploitation (e.g. sexist ideologies)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Hegemony<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Antonio Gramsci&#8217;s term for ideas that reinforce relationships of domination and exploitation, and become embedded in common sense<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>McDonaldization<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>George Ritzer\u2019s term for the process by which a wide variety of social actors and institutions have adopted the business principles of fast-food restaurants. Ritzer identifies five main features of McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability, predictability, control, and the irrationality of rationality <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Bureaucracy<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An organizational form and mode of administration that operates according to set rules and procedures and is a defining characteristic of modern life<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Iron cage of rationality<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Weber\u2019s term for the human-made forces constraining individual freedom in highly complex and technologically advanced societies, especially the rational, rule-bound practices of bureaucratic institutions <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Efficiency (McDonaldization)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The effort to discover the best possible means to whatever end is desired<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Calculability (McDonaldization)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Efforts to measure all elements in the production process<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Predictability (McDonaldization)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Ensuring that the settings, procedure, and production in a McDonaldized system are consistent across time and place<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Control (McDonaldization)<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The use of technology to control the behaviour of workers and consumers <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social movements<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Groups of people and the activities they undertake to work together to make a particular social change<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Resource mobilization <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A perspective for understanding social movements that emphasizes the importance of resources for successful social change projects<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Framing<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Presenting ideas and information in ways that emphasize certain aspects and minimize other aspects so as to promote a particular way of understanding. Influences whether audiences will understand something as a social problem, how a problem should be addressed, and who is responsible for creating the problem<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Political process model <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A perspective for understanding social change that focuses on the political opportunities available to social movements; suggests that well-resourced, well-organized agents of change also require opportunities to make change<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quizzes\">Quizzes<\/a><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-multiple-choice\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-active-learning-further-online-resources\">Active Learning \u2013 Further Online Resources<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this chapter, we shift away from the perspective of the consumer to look at the people who work in the global food economy. Through an in-depth look at the fast-food industry, we explore sociological approaches to work, with a particular focus on concepts of wage labor, alienation, class, ideology, and hegemony. Profiling the research method of ethnography, we consider how macrosociological processes like the rise of transnational corporations shape everyday experiences and interactions among workers. We also discuss the theory of McDonaldization, which extends Weber\u2019s famous writings on the iron cage of bureaucracy and presents the fast-food icon as a model for rational, efficient, predictable workplaces. Finally, we highlight some key challenges facing workers, particularly as they struggle to improve working conditions in the fast-food industry.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":17,"menu_order":0,"template":"chapter-page","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-176","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/176","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/17"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=176"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}