{"id":178,"date":"2025-10-14T09:17:37","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T09:17:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/?post_type=content&#038;p=178"},"modified":"2025-10-15T09:49:49","modified_gmt":"2025-10-15T09:49:49","slug":"chapter-5","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/students\/chapter-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 5 \u2013 Shopping"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:10px;background-color:#ddeffb;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"border-radius:10px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/students\/\" title=\"Students\">Students<\/a>\n<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">\u203a<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\tChapter 5 \u2013 Shopping\n<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12dd3699 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\"><h1 style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700; margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;\" class=\"wp-block-post-title has-large-font-size\">Chapter 5 \u2013 Shopping<\/h1>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6432667e wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0px;padding-right:0;padding-left:0\">\n<svg width=\"300\" height=\"27\" viewBox=\"0 0 567 27\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M386.62 0.124053C381.906 0.107938 378.105 0.094948 375.903 0.0913075C375.014 0.0913075 374.168 0.118182 373.404 0.142445C372.775 0.162412 372.202 0.18061 371.706 0.18061C353.572 0.0391921 334.39 0.060517 315.198 0.0818535C304.96 0.093235 294.719 0.10462 284.633 0.0913075C279.232 0.0823061 273.825 0.14953 268.416 0.216778C266.19 0.244447 263.964 0.27212 261.738 0.294489C256.77 0.165986 251.843 0.27107 246.932 0.375789C244.605 0.425409 242.283 0.474947 239.961 0.499513C220.453 0.706649 200.903 0.69835 181.357 0.690053C174.421 0.687109 167.486 0.684166 160.554 0.690848C147.866 0.705854 135.177 0.715345 122.488 0.724837C92.0306 0.747618 61.5709 0.770402 31.1175 0.869452C28.9243 0.875818 26.7352 0.836909 24.5524 0.798113C17.9876 0.681434 11.4802 0.565776 5.095 1.68582C5.03759 1.6922 4.95147 1.70496 4.86536 1.71773C4.77924 1.73049 4.69312 1.74325 4.63572 1.74963C2.74552 2.00738 2.57406 2.40981 2.40241 2.8127C2.31921 3.00797 2.23597 3.20335 1.95696 3.38241C-1.93366 5.8571 1.14058 6.63521 12.7359 6.27804C14.8623 6.2136 17.0972 6.28479 19.2884 6.35458C19.6998 6.36769 20.1097 6.38074 20.5171 6.39284C25.3774 6.54862 32.9433 6.58603 38.8438 6.61521C40.1908 6.62187 41.4511 6.6281 42.5725 6.63521C46.224 6.6544 50.0581 6.56459 53.8115 6.47667C57.5451 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190.748 19.124C187.518 19.1155 184.282 19.175 181.045 19.2345C179.443 19.2639 177.841 19.2933 176.239 19.3146C173.058 19.176 169.906 19.2812 166.768 19.3859C165.319 19.4343 163.873 19.4825 162.429 19.5067C151.506 19.6814 140.561 19.6933 129.611 19.7052C123.772 19.7116 117.932 19.718 112.093 19.749C84.7315 19.8766 57.3695 20.0679 30.0203 20.6547C28.6316 20.6865 27.2444 20.6731 25.8614 20.6598C21.693 20.6197 17.5623 20.58 13.5394 21.7773C13.4757 21.8028 13.3353 21.841 13.2588 21.8538C12.0776 22.1277 11.9761 22.5337 11.8754 22.9369C11.826 23.1346 11.7767 23.3316 11.6005 23.5121C9.18957 26.0251 11.154 26.7777 18.4888 26.2802C19.9066 26.1781 21.4051 26.2273 22.8677 26.2753C23.05 26.2813 23.2317 26.2873 23.4127 26.2929C26.2597 26.3888 30.5618 26.355 34.143 26.3269C35.3273 26.3176 36.4328 26.3089 37.3807 26.3057C39.7105 26.2993 42.1539 26.1759 44.5439 26.0553C46.8909 25.9368 49.1864 25.821 51.272 25.821C59.844 25.8271 68.413 25.9327 76.9805 26.0383C86.3006 26.1531 95.6189 26.268 104.937 26.2547C115.947 26.2343 126.957 26.0917 137.969 25.949C147.689 25.823 157.411 25.697 167.136 25.6551C178.176 25.6488 189.222 25.6392 200.268 25.6296C211.315 25.62 222.363 25.6105 233.404 25.6041C239.553 25.569 245.702 25.5555 251.851 25.5419C270.298 25.5012 288.75 25.4606 307.224 24.8387C318.12 24.4587 329.097 24.4425 340.078 24.4263C346.053 24.4175 352.029 24.4087 357.993 24.3413C364.984 24.2775 369.512 22.8616 369.602 20.6037C369.685 18.5993 363.801 18.5799 359.755 18.5665C359.45 18.5655 359.155 18.5645 358.874 18.5627C338.707 18.4623 318.51 18.6542 298.299 18.8462C292.826 18.8982 287.352 18.9502 281.878 18.9964Z\" fill=\"#b4b0b0\"\/>\n<\/svg>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-content-justification-left is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2871531c wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignwide has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This chapter examines a key activity in consumer culture: shopping. After learning a bit about the history of shopping, we look at the broader social context that shapes our individual desires, motivations, and values. This topic raises questions of consumer agency: are we consumer dopes manipulated by corporations to buy brand-name products, or are we consumer heroes who have full sovereignty over decision-making? We also examine the role shopping and consumer culture play in establishing social order, drawing from sociological concepts like social solidarity and anomie. Shopping offers insight into how we come to feel part of social groups, as well as the isolation that can accompany our modern emphasis on individualism. We may shop to feel a connection with others, but at the same time, shopping may exacerbate feelings of isolation. For that reason, some scholars see shopping as a social problem.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zukin, Sharon and Jennifer Smith Maguire. 2004. \u201cConsumers and Consumption.\u201d Annual Review of Sociology 30(1):173\u201397.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sharon Zukin and Jennifer Smith Maguire explore consumption as a social, cultural, and economic process. They discuss the rise of mass consumption through innovations in retail spaces and advertising, highlighting how consumer goods and sites democratize desire while reinforcing social hierarchies. The authors emphasize the role of consumption in identity formation, where individual choices reflect broader social structures and cultural capital. They also examine how consumption shapes collective identities, such as ethnicity and nationality, while providing opportunities for both conformity and resistance. Finally, they analyze historical transitions to consumer societies, particularly in post-socialist regions, where structural changes have made consumption central to modern life and global dynamics .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Discussion questions<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does it mean for economic and cultural institutions to shape consumer behaviour? How does this view differ from conventional understandings of consumption?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does consumer culture, as discussed by Zukin and Smith Maguire, enable or constrain social solidarity in modern societies? In what ways does it contribute to anomie?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In what ways do retail spaces like department stores (or e-commerce sites) both manipulate and empower consumers?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do media portrayals of consumer trends shape the identities of different social groups? In what ways might this either empower or marginalize groups like ethnic minorities?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the sociological implications of transitioning economies like China and Russia adopting consumerist practices? How do these transitions affect local identities and communities?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p>Mayorga, Sarah, Megan R. Underhill, and Lauren Crosser. 2023. \u201cAisle Inequality.\u201d <em>Contexts<\/em> 22(1):24\u201329. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15365042221142831\">10.1177\/15365042221142831<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article explores how grocery shopping choices are shaped by systems of inequality, particularly focusing on race and class in the U.S. context. Analyzing qualitative interviews in a Cincinnati neighbourhood, the authors argue that the concept of \u201cchoice\u201d masks underlying systems of inequality that shape people\u2019s access to resources, particularly in grocery shopping. The rhetoric of choice suggests that individuals freely select where and how they shop, but in reality, these choices are influenced by factors like class, transportation options, racialized identity, and geographic disinvestment patterns. For Black and poor residents in places like Riverside, the notion of \u201cchoice\u201d is elusive, as their options are limited by structural barriers such as inadequate public transportation and racial discrimination in predominantly White spaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Discussion questions<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How does this article challenge the notions of \u201cchoice\u201d and consumer sovereignty in the context of grocery shopping?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What structural inequalities shape the choices available to different groups in Riverside?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How does disinvestment in working-class neighborhoods like Riverside contribute to unequal access to quality food?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What do these findings reveal about the class and racial dynamics in everyday consumer spaces? How do capitalism and racism intersect to reinforce social inequalities?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p>Foster, Jordan. 2021. \u201c\u2018My Money and My Heart\u2019: Buying a Birkin and Boundary Work Online.\u201d <em>Communication, Culture and Critique<\/em> 14(4):639\u201356. doi: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ccc\/tcab033\">10.1093\/ccc\/tcab033<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foster examines how the purchase of luxury goods is showcased in online videos and how these displays engage with concepts of status, privilege, and inequality. Using a sample of YouTube videos and viewer comments, the study explores how consumers frame their purchases of Birkin bags, often justifying them through narratives of hard work, investment, or emotional fulfillment. The article analyzes how viewers react to these displays, expressing praise, envy, or criticism, which reinforces and challenges social boundaries. This study highlights how online performances of wealth and privilege both normalize inequality and foster emotional connections, as viewers negotiate their own desires relative to elite displays of consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary>Discussion questions<\/summary>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How do online displays of luxury items, like Birkin bags, contribute to the normalization of wealth inequality and reinforce social boundaries?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What role do emotions play in consumer behaviour, as seen in the article? How does this challenge rational choice theory\u2019s emphasis on logical, utility-maximizing decisions?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How do the aspirations and desires expressed by viewers in response to luxury unboxing videos reflect Schor\u2019s concept of \u201cnew consumerism,\u201d where social comparison and status-driven consumption are key drivers of purchasing behavior?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Thinking back to Guy Debord\u2019s <em>Society of the Spectacle<\/em>, how do luxury unboxing videos function as spectacles that transform consumption into entrancing images of status?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-quizzes\">Quizzes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Test your knowledge with the Chapter 5 quizzes!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-ef310a45 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#f1f5f6;margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--70)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-base-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-b2d9c27d23edfb98b7f3b30ba6280db2 has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-50bd6d79 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:-25px;margin-bottom:-25px;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-extra-small-font-size\" id=\"aioseo-multiple-choice\">Quiz<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)\"><script>\n                            if (window.qmn_quiz_data === undefined) {\n                                    window.qmn_quiz_data = new Object();\n                            }\n                    <\/script><script>window.qmn_quiz_data[\"5\"] = {\"quiz_id\":\"5\",\"quiz_name\":\"Chapter 5\",\"disable_answer\":0,\"ajax_show_correct\":0,\"progress_bar\":\"1\",\"contact_info_location\":0,\"qpages\":{\"1\":{\"id\":\"1\",\"quizID\":\"5\",\"pagekey\":\"quISd42J\",\"hide_prevbtn\":\"0\"}},\"skip_validation_time_expire\":0,\"timer_limit_val\":0,\"disable_scroll_next_previous_click\":0,\"disable_scroll_on_result\":0,\"disable_first_page\":0,\"enable_result_after_timer_end\":0,\"enable_quick_result_mc\":0,\"end_quiz_if_wrong\":0,\"form_disable_autofill\":0,\"disable_mathjax\":0,\"enable_quick_correct_answer_info\":\"0\",\"quick_result_correct_answer_text\":\"Correct! 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You have selected wrong answer.\",\"quiz_processing_message\":\"\",\"quiz_limit_choice\":\"Limit of choice is reached.\",\"not_allow_after_expired_time\":0,\"scheduled_time_end\":false,\"prevent_reload\":\"\",\"limit_email_based_submission\":0,\"total_user_tries\":0,\"is_logged_in\":false,\"pagination\":{\"amount\":1,\"section_comments\":\"\",\"total_questions\":25,\"previous_text\":\"Previous\",\"next_text\":\"Next\",\"start_quiz_survey_text\":\"Start Quiz\",\"submit_quiz_text\":\"Submit\"},\"error_messages\":{\"email_error_text\":\"Not a valid e-mail address!\",\"number_error_text\":\"This field must be a number!\",\"incorrect_error_text\":\"The entered text is not correct!\",\"empty_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"contact_field_required_error_text\":\"Please complete all required fields!\",\"url_error_text\":\"The entered URL is not valid!\",\"minlength_error_text\":\"Required atleast %minlength% characters.\",\"maxlength_error_text\":\"Maximum %maxlength% 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id=\"question218_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question218_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tUrban centers with a wide variety of social roles\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question218-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question218\" id=\"question218_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question218_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tLarge, industrialized societies with diverse professions\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question218_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question218\" id=\"question218_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_218\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-2\" data-apid=\"2\" data-qpid=\"2\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-231 slide1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>2.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The rise of big-box stores, and later, dollar stores has been associated with increasing ________ inequality. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question231\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">gender<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">wealth<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_231\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-3\" data-apid=\"3\" data-qpid=\"3\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-219 slide2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>3.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What is the primary purpose of a focus group in social research? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question219-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question219\" id=\"question219_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question219_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo observe participants&#8217; behavior in a natural setting\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question219-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question219\" id=\"question219_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question219_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo explore participants&#8217; thoughts, feelings, and attitudes in a group setting\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question219-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question219\" id=\"question219_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question219_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo gather large-scale quantitative data\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question219-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question219\" id=\"question219_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question219_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTo conduct a one-on-one structured interview\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question219_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question219\" id=\"question219_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_219\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-4\" data-apid=\"4\" data-qpid=\"4\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-225 slide3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>4.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Dollar stores tend to grow in popularity during periods of economic downturn due to their affordability  <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question225-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question225\" id=\"question225_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question225_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question225-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question225\" id=\"question225_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question225_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question225_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question225\" id=\"question225_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_225\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-5\" data-apid=\"5\" data-qpid=\"5\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-209 slide4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>5.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What is the paradox of shopping identified by sociologist Christine Williams? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question209-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question209\" id=\"question209_1\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question209_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt creates more isolation than social connection\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question209-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question209\" id=\"question209_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question209_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt is primarily driven by rational decisions\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question209-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question209\" id=\"question209_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question209_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt is both an economic activity and a religious ritual\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question209-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question209\" id=\"question209_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question209_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt can be both pleasurable and a laborious chore\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question209_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question209\" id=\"question209_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_209\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-6\" data-apid=\"6\" data-qpid=\"6\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-233 slide5 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>6.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The concept of ________ refers to consumers attempting to mimic the shopping patterns of higher social classes to elevate their own status. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question233\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">upscale emulation<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">cultural capital<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_233\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-7\" data-apid=\"7\" data-qpid=\"7\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-223 slide6 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>7.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Mail order catalogs were an important shopping resource for rural populations in the US and Europe starting in the 1870s. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question223-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question223\" id=\"question223_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question223_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question223-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question223\" id=\"question223_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question223_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question223_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question223\" id=\"question223_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_223\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-8\" data-apid=\"8\" data-qpid=\"8\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-212 slide7 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>8.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>An investor wishing to open a retail outlet has hired you as a consultant. Which of the following types of outlet would you recommend as a safe investment in a period of increasing social inequalities? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question212-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question212\" id=\"question212_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question212_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA clothing store\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question212-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question212\" id=\"question212_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question212_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA department store\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question212-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question212\" id=\"question212_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question212_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA hardware store\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question212-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question212\" id=\"question212_4\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question212_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tA dollar store\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question212_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question212\" id=\"question212_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_212\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-9\" data-apid=\"9\" data-qpid=\"9\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-220 slide8 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>9.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Social problems are <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question220-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question220\" id=\"question220_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question220_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tonly exist in certain societies\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question220-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question220\" id=\"question220_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question220_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\talways economic in nature\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question220-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question220\" id=\"question220_3\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question220_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tuniversally agreed upon by all groups\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question220-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question220\" id=\"question220_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question220_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tsocially defined and vary based on perspective and context\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question220_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question220\" id=\"question220_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_220\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-10\" data-apid=\"10\" data-qpid=\"10\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-217 slide9 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>10.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following is a characteristic of mechanical solidarity? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question217-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question217\" id=\"question217_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question217_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tShared values\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question217-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question217\" id=\"question217_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question217_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tHighly specialized division of labor\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question217-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question217\" id=\"question217_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question217_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tComplex interdependence between individuals\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question217-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question217\" id=\"question217_4\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question217_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEmphasis on individual rights and diversity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question217_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question217\" id=\"question217_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_217\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-11\" data-apid=\"11\" data-qpid=\"11\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-216 slide10 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>11.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What term did \u00c9mile Durkheim use to describe norms, values, and practices that exist outside the individual and exert control over their behavior? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question216-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question216\" id=\"question216_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question216_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSocial fact\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question216-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question216\" id=\"question216_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question216_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCollective conscience\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question216-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question216\" id=\"question216_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question216_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSocietal truth\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question216-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question216\" id=\"question216_4\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question216_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCultural norm\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question216_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question216\" id=\"question216_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_216\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-12\" data-apid=\"12\" data-qpid=\"12\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-214 slide11 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>12.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>What is the key assumption of the rational choice model of behavior? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question214-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question214\" id=\"question214_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question214_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIndividuals rely on cultural norms to make choices\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question214-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question214\" id=\"question214_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question214_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIndividuals make decisions based on emotional impulses\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question214-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question214\" id=\"question214_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question214_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIndividuals act to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question214-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question214\" id=\"question214_4\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question214_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIndividuals behave irrationally in most situations\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question214_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question214\" id=\"question214_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_214\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-13\" data-apid=\"13\" data-qpid=\"13\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-221 slide12 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>13.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Early department stores were designed with the intention of creating a private, exclusive shopping experience for the elite, with minimal interaction among customers. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question221-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question221\" id=\"question221_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question221_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question221-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question221\" id=\"question221_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question221_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question221_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question221\" id=\"question221_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_221\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-14\" data-apid=\"14\" data-qpid=\"14\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-226 slide13 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>14.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>New consumerism refers to individuals trying to mimic the consumption patterns of lower social classes. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question226-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question226\" id=\"question226_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question226_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question226-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question226\" id=\"question226_2\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question226_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question226_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question226\" id=\"question226_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_226\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-15\" data-apid=\"15\" data-qpid=\"15\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-215 slide14 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>15.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following is a critique of the rational choice model? <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question215-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question215\" id=\"question215_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question215_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt ignores the impact of social, cultural, and emotional factors on decision-making\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question215-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question215\" id=\"question215_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question215_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt cannot account for the success of big box stores\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question215-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question215\" id=\"question215_3\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question215_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt assumes that individuals always act based on emotion\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question215-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question215\" id=\"question215_4\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question215_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tIt places too much emphasis on collective behavior\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question215_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question215\" id=\"question215_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_215\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-16\" data-apid=\"16\" data-qpid=\"16\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-222 slide15 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>16.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Shopping as a leisure activity became popular in the early 19th century, largely driven by the rise of industrial production and consumer goods. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question222-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question222\" id=\"question222_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question222_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question222-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question222\" id=\"question222_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question222_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question222_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question222\" id=\"question222_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_222\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-17\" data-apid=\"17\" data-qpid=\"17\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-227 slide16 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>17.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Consumer culture, through shared symbols and products, can contribute to social solidarity in modern societies by promoting a sense of collective identity. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question227-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question227\" id=\"question227_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question227_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question227-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question227\" id=\"question227_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question227_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question227_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question227\" id=\"question227_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_227\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-18\" data-apid=\"18\" data-qpid=\"18\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-232 slide17 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>18.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>The practice of ________ refers to large corporations opening retail stores in low-income neighborhoods, while excluding wealthier areas. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question232\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">retail redlining<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">racial capitalism<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_232\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-19\" data-apid=\"19\" data-qpid=\"19\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-229 slide18 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>19.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Durkheim&#039;s concept of ________ refers to a state of normlessness that can occur in modern societies, leading to feelings of isolation. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question229\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">alienation<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">anomie<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_229\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-20\" data-apid=\"20\" data-qpid=\"20\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-213 slide19 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>20.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following did Durkheim conclude in his study of suicide?  <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question213-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question213\" id=\"question213_1\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question213_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tCauses of suicide are individual and personal.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question213-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question213\" id=\"question213_2\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question213_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSuicide rates decrease with age.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question213-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question213\" id=\"question213_3\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question213_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStrong social solidarity is oppressive and increases suicide rates.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question213-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question213\" id=\"question213_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question213_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tStrong social solidarity lowers suicide rates.\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question213_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question213\" id=\"question213_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_213\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-21\" data-apid=\"21\" data-qpid=\"21\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-224 slide20 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>21.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Amazon has been widely criticized for using its role as both a marketplace and a competitor to consolidate markets and centralize diverse goods. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question224-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question224\" id=\"question224_1\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question224_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTRUE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question224-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question224\" id=\"question224_2\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question224_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tFALSE\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question224_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question224\" id=\"question224_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_224\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-22\" data-apid=\"22\" data-qpid=\"22\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-230 slide21 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>22.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>From a Durkheimian perspective, consumer culture can sometimes contribute to ________ by creating a shared experience and collective conscience. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question230\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">social inequality<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">social solidarity<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_230\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-23\" data-apid=\"23\" data-qpid=\"23\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-210 slide22 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>23.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Shopping has become the dominant form of consumption with the rise of: <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question210-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question210\" id=\"question210_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question210_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tglobalization\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question210-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question210\" id=\"question210_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question210_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tmechanical solidarity\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question210-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question210\" id=\"question210_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question210_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tbig-box stores\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question210-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question210\" id=\"question210_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question210_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tcapitalism\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question210_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question210\" id=\"question210_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_210\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-24\" data-apid=\"24\" data-qpid=\"24\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-2  question-section-id-228 slide23 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>24.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Low-income urban areas sometimes experience renewal and an influx of newer, trendier and often more expensive retail places to shop. This process of ________ can create significant difficulties for low-income residents who can be displaced as the cost of living rises.. <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<select class=\"qsm_select qsm_dropdown qsmRequiredSelect\" name=\"question228\">\n\t\t<option disabled selected value>Please select your answer<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"0\">gentrification<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<option value=\"1\">consumerism<\/option>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/select>\n\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_228\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row qsm-question-page qsm-apc-25\" data-apid=\"25\" data-qpid=\"25\" style=\"display: none;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quiz_section qsm-question-wrapper question-type-0  question-section-id-211 slide24 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='mlw_qmn_question_number'>25.&nbsp;<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_new_question'>Which of the following consumer groups does the department store retail model most heavily rely on?  <\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class='mlw_qmn_question  qsm_remove_bold' >\n\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<fieldset>\n\t\t<legend><\/legend>\n\t<div class='qmn_radio_answers mlwRequiredRadio'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question211-1 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question211\" id=\"question211_1\" value=\"1\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question211_1\">\n\t\t\t\t\tThe elderly\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question211-2 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question211\" id=\"question211_2\" value=\"2\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question211_2\">\n\t\t\t\t\tMen\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question211-3 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question211\" id=\"question211_3\" value=\"3\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question211_3\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWomen\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qmn_mc_answer_wrap  mrq_checkbox_class\" id=\"question211-4 \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type='radio' class='qmn_quiz_radio qmn-multiple-choice-input ' name=\"question211\" id=\"question211_4\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<label class=\"qsm-input-label\" for=\"question211_4\">\n\t\t\t\t\tTeenagers\t\t\t\t\t<\/label>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t<label style=\"display: none !important;\" for=\"question211_none\">None<\/label>\n\t\t\t<input type=\"radio\" style=\"display: none;\" name=\"question211\" id=\"question211_none\" checked=\"checked\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/fieldset>\n\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"answer_limit_keys_211\" value=\"\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .quiz_section -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .qsm-auto-page-row -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_question_list\" value=\"218Q231Q219Q225Q209Q233Q223Q212Q220Q217Q216Q214Q221Q226Q215Q222Q227Q232Q229Q213Q224Q230Q210Q228Q211Q\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qsm-auto-page-row quiz_section quiz_end empty_quiz_end qsm-d-none\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"mlw_error_message_bottom\" class=\"qsm-error-message qmn_error_message_section\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" id=\"qmn_all_questions_count\" value=\"25\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"total_questions\" id=\"total_questions\" value=\"25\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer\" id=\"timer\" value=\"0\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"timer_ms\" id=\"timer_ms\" value=\"0\"\/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" class=\"qmn_quiz_id\" name=\"qmn_quiz_id\" id=\"qmn_quiz_id\" value=\"5\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t<input type='hidden' name='complete_quiz' value='confirmation' \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"quiz_answer_random_ids\" id=\"quiz_answer_random_ids_5\" value=\"a:25:{i:218;a:4:{i:0;i:3;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:1;}i:231;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:219;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:0;i:3;i:1;}i:225;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:209;a:4:{i:0;i:3;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:0;i:3;i:1;}i:233;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:223;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:212;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:2;}i:220;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:0;}i:217;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:2;}i:216;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:0;i:3;i:1;}i:214;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:3;}i:221;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:226;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:215;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:0;i:3;i:2;}i:222;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:227;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:232;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:229;a:2:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:0;}i:213;a:4:{i:0;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:2;i:1;i:3;i:0;}i:224;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:230;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:210;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:0;}i:228;a:2:{i:0;i:0;i:1;i:1;}i:211;a:4:{i:0;i:1;i:1;i:2;i:2;i:3;i:3;i:0;}}\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div style=\"display: none;\" class=\"qsm-popup qsm-popup-slide\" id=\"modal-4\" aria-hidden=\"false\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__overlay\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-micromodal-close=\"\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__container qmn_quiz_container\" role=\"dialog\" aria-modal=\"true\"><div class=\"qsm-popup__content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-master-next\/assets\/clock.png\" alt=\"clock.png\"\/><p class=\"qsm-time-up-text\"> Time&#8217;s up<\/p><\/div><footer class=\"qsm-popup__footer\"><button class=\"qsm-popup-secondary-button qmn_btn\" data-micromodal-close=\"\" aria-label=\"Close this dialog window\" onclick=\"location.reload();\">Cancel<\/button><\/footer><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-active-learning-further-online-resources\">Active Learning \u2013 Further Online Resources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Story of Stuff:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Visit the Story of Stuff website (<a href=\"http:\/\/storyofstuff.org\/movies\/story-of-stuff\/\">http:\/\/storyofstuff.org\/movies\/story-of-stuff\/<\/a>) and watch the short documentary. Then, explore the website\u2019s \u201cTake Action\u201d section. Do you think the creators of this video see shopping as a social problem? Why or why not? What is the central theoretical perspective they are taking in this documentary? What social values around shopping are they critiquing, and why? What theoretical perspectives on shopping are absent from the <em>Story of Stuff<\/em> narrative? What solutions do they recommend? Could you see yourself participating in some of these actions?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Is fast-fashion hot garbage? If so, why do so many of us want to buy it?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Watch the short video, Fast Fashion is Hot Garbage (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F6R_WTDdx7I&amp;ab_channel=ClimateTown\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=F6R_WTDdx7I&amp;ab_channel=ClimateTown<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After watching the video consider how it relates to this chapter&#8217;s exploration of the sociology of shopping. Drawing on specific examples from the video and the chapter, analyse how the fast fashion industry thrives on our micro desires to &#8220;fit in&#8221; while also contributing to broad, macro social and environmental problems. In your reflection, consider how the concepts of social solidarity, anomie, consumer agency, and the material\/cultural thinking frame help illuminate the complex relationship between our shopping habits and the fast fashion industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Shopping mall nostalgia:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Watch this scene from the Netflix series <em>Stranger Things<\/em> (Season 3), in which the main character Eleven goes to a shopping mall for the first time in her life (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wEhsSSQY8dM&amp;t=30s\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wEhsSSQY8dM&amp;t=30s<\/a>). Set in the booming consumer economy of 1980s America, how does the scene depict shopping as a \u201cspectacle\u201d? What are the social, economic, and cultural conditions that make this spectacle possible? How do gender, age, and class shape the character\u2019s experience of the shopping mall in this scene? How does the depiction of shopping in this scene differ from your own shopping experiences, whether online or in-person? Is the shopping mall still significant in consumer culture today? Why or why not?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Refresh your knowledge of key terms with this chapter\u2019s flashcards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!-- Swiper -->\n<div class=\"swiper mySwiper\">\n    <div class=\"swiper-wrapper\">\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Shopping<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sub-category of consumption; shopping involves the economic exchange of money for goods in the marketplace<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Capitalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and oriented towards the generation of profit for reinvestment or private gain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Walter Benjamin<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Social theorist known his &quot;Arcades Project,&quot; which examines the rise of modern consumer culture in 19th centruy Paris, and critiques the increasing commodification of everyday life. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Department stores<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Developed in the 19th century, department stores are large retail establishments offering a wide range of goods under one roof, creating a captivating &#8211; and historically gendered &#8211; shopping spectacle. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Big box stores<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Freestanding spaces that specialize in selling large quantities of a specific category of merchandise\u2014like toys or pet food\u2014at low prices; typically work to monopolize a specific type of goods, often at the expense of both local retail stores and department stores<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Public space<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Areas that all persons, in principle, have the legal right to access, and from which they cannot typically be barred without cause (e.g., libraries or public parks)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Retail redlining<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A practice where retailers establish locations in neighbourhoods based on their racial and class composition <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Gentrification<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A process of urban transformation whereby poor or working-class neighborhoods are transformed through an influx of capital, investment, higher-end retail, and residence by middle\/higher-income residents; typically displaces existing residents, who are priced out of the new rental, housing, and consumer markets <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Keynesianism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Keynesianism is an economic theory advocating for government intervention to manage demand and stimulate economic growth, often through public spending and policies that encourage consumer spending, including shopping.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Rational choice theory<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An approach to social action that assumes that actors are rational, behave purposively, and act to achieve specified results <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Identity <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A sociological concept that refers to the various aspects of our social selves, including who we think we are and how others see us, and often dependent on roles, situations, and membership in social groups<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Stigma<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Real or perceived traits that bringsshame or dishonor to a group or individual in a particular social relationship<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social mobility<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The change in class position from one\u2019s family of origin to the position one occupies in adulthood based on one\u2019s own education, occupation, and income<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Upscale emulation<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Juliet Schor&#8217;s term for the phenomenon (particularly since the 1990s)where high-status items consumed by the rich become coveted, desired, and purchased by lower classes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>New consumerism <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Juliet Schor&#8217;s term that describes the increasingly upscale reference groups for consumers that developed in the 1980s and 1990s through the growth of celebrity culture and mass media, and continues up until the present day<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Consumer dopes <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>View of consumer culture, common among Marxists and environmentalists, which sees consumers as manipulated by capitalist forces that encourage reckless spending. This perspecive emphasizes structural influences over individual agency and highlights the negative aspects of consumer culture including overspending, environmental degradation, and exploitation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Consumer heroes<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>View of consumer culture, common among marketing professionals, economists, and some cultural scholars, which sees consumers as free agents who exercise their agency by selecting and transforming the goods they purchase, with the market responding to serve their needs. This perspecive emphasizes individual agency over structural influences.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Consumer soveriegnty <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The idea that consumer demand is socially beneficial, because consumers are autonomous actors who send messages to companies to produce things they want to buy, promoting a virtuous, self-satisfying circle. This perspective relies on a rational-choice model of human behavior. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social order <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>The means by which stability and cohesion in a society is maintained; Durlheimian approaches emphasize the role of shared norms and values in maintaining social order, while Marxist perespectives emphasize power and domination. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Functionalism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A theoretical orientation that sees social groups and institutions as performing complementary tasks, resulting in interdependence and stability in society; often critiqued for being teleological and for minimizing social conflict and change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social solidarity <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A form of cohesion that exists when members of a group are connected by shared beliefs, values, lifestyles, strong guidelines for action in social situations, and\/or frequent and intense social interaction <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social facts<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Durkheim\u2019s concept describing ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist independently of any one individual. Social facts constrain individual actions, are realities in their own right, and are resistant to change.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Collective conscience<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Durkheim\u2019s concept denoting the values and sentiments that members of a society come to share through living together, and which shape and regulate their behavior<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Totem<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>An object, animal, force, or phenomenon used as an emblem to represent aspects of a group\u2019s shared identity. Totems are collectively revered serve to foster group solidarity<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Mechanical solidarity <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Durkheim\u2019s concept describing social cohesion in pre-industrial societies in which social solidarity emerges from a strong common culture based in religion and the absence of a clear division of labor differentiating individuals\u2019 roles<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Organic solidarity<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Durkheim&#8217;s concept describing social cohesion in technoloigcally advanced, complex societies in which a specialized division forms the basis of social solidarity through mutual support rather than shared experiences and beliefs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Anomie<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Durkheim&#8217;s concept describing individual responses to a lack of shared norms and values in modern societies. Durkheim was concerned that the absence of collective social standards in modern life threatens social stability and could lead to a breakdown of social order.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Individualism<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A system of belief that stresses the primacy and moral worth of the individual, sometimes at the expense of the collective<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Focus groups <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Research method in which small groups of people participate in a guided discussion about a topic supplied by the researcher; particularly useful for eliciting multiple perspectives on a topic and observing group meaning-making processes <\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Longitudinal study<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>Study in which a researcher collects data on the same subjects at multiple points in time<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <!-- Swiper Slide -->\n        <div class=\"swiper-slide\">\n          <!-- Flashcard -->\n           <button class=\"flip-card\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n            <div class=\"flip-card-inner\">\n              <div class=\"flip-card-front\"><p><p>Social problem<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n              <div class=\"flip-card-back\"><p>A situation or behavioral pattern socially defined as pathological and requiring regulation, treatment, or improvement<\/p>\n<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        \n        <div id=\"flashcard-instruction\" class=\"sr-only\">Press Enter or Space to flip the card<\/div><div id=\"flip-announcement\" class=\"sr-only\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-next\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-button-prev\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n    \n<\/div>\n<div role=\"region\" aria-live=\"polite\" id=\"announcement\" class=\"visually-hidden\"><\/div>\n\n<script>\n\nvar swiper = new Swiper(\".mySwiper\", {\n    pagination: {\n    el: \".swiper-pagination\",\n    type: \"fraction\",\n    },\n    navigation: {\n    nextEl: \".swiper-button-next\",\n    prevEl: \".swiper-button-prev\",\n    },\n});\n\n\n\nconst flipCards = document.querySelectorAll('.flip-card');\n  const announcement = document.getElementById('announcement');\n\n  flipCards.forEach(flipCard => {\n    flipCard.addEventListener('click', () => {\n      flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n      const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n      \n      if (isFlipped) {\n        announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n      } else {\n        announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('keydown', event => {\n      if (event.key === 'Enter' || event.key === ' ') {\n        flipCard.classList.toggle('flipped');\n        const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n        const backContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-back');\n        const isFlipped = flipCard.classList.contains('flipped');\n        \n        if (isFlipped) {\n          announcement.textContent = `${backContent} is now visible.`;\n        } else {\n          announcement.textContent = `${frontContent} is now visible.`;\n        }\n      }\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('focus', () => {\n      const frontContent = flipCard.getAttribute('data-front');\n      announcement.textContent = `Card: ${frontContent}  Press Space or Enter to flip`;\n    });\n\n    flipCard.addEventListener('blur', () => {\n      announcement.textContent = '';\n    });\n  });\n<\/script><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-chapter-summary\">Chapter Summary<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-further-reading\">Further Reading<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-quizzes\">Quizzes<\/a><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-multiple-choice\">Quiz<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-active-learning-further-online-resources\">Active Learning \u2013 Further Online Resources<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-flashcards\">Flashcards<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This chapter examines a key activity in consumer culture: shopping. After learning a bit about the history of shopping, we look at the broader social context that shapes our individual desires, motivations, and values. This topic raises questions of consumer agency: are we consumer dopes manipulated by corporations to buy brand-name products, or are we consumer heroes who have full sovereignty over decision-making? We also examine the role shopping and consumer culture play in establishing social order, drawing from sociological concepts like social solidarity and anomie. Shopping offers insight into how we come to feel part of social groups, as well as the isolation that can accompany our modern emphasis on individualism. We may shop to feel a connection with others, but at the same time, shopping may exacerbate feelings of isolation. For that reason, some scholars see shopping as a social problem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":17,"menu_order":0,"template":"chapter-page","meta":{"_acf_changed":false},"class_list":["post-178","content","type-content","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/178","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/17"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/sociologyofeverydaylife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=178"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}