{"id":120,"date":"2024-10-14T09:28:07","date_gmt":"2024-10-14T09:28:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/voiceandvision\/?post_type=content&#038;p=120"},"modified":"2025-05-07T07:37:02","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T07:37:02","slug":"chapter-15-sound-for-production","status":"publish","type":"content","link":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/resources\/chapter-15-sound-for-production\/","title":{"rendered":"Chapter 15: Sound for Production"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Since the beginning of the 21st century, there has been a veritable sea change in the creation and playback of audio for the cinema. Part of this transformation has revolved around access \u2014 nearly anyone now has access to professional quality sound recording and mixing tools on the production end. On the presentation end, nearly all venues provide super-high-fidelity surround sound audio and even ordinary people are equipping their home theater units with surround sound audio. What this means for the filmmaker is that the audience can hear everything vividly! Yay! Everyone can hear all the subtleties you included in your complex sound design, BUT it also means that any audio imperfections and deficiencies are also glaringly apparent. So, no matter what our budget or level of production, we all must produce highly polished audio to accompany our carefully composed and exposed images. The first, and most important, step to this end is to gather the best possible sound in the field during production. Unfortunately, sound is often a blind spot for many filmmakers, especially those just starting out. All too often with inexperienced filmmakers, a lot of time, money, and preparation goes into the production of the images, but they begin to think seriously about sound only after they hear and try to work with the terrible audio they got during production. The production sound team \u2014 those people who record sound in the field \u2014 are the unsung heroes of the film world. When they do their job perfectly, no one notices them; when the sound is bad, they are cursed. Good sound people are invaluable, and smart film-makers understand that getting good sound in production means a stronger sound design in postproduction, more creative options in editing, and saving time and money. This is why good sound people work a lot and why I\u2019ve devoted two chapters to the craft of sound recording in the field, it\u2019s that important. A filmmaker must respect sound as much as image.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-helpful-downloads\">Interactive Figures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/interactive-figures\/fig15_1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Figure 15-1\">Figure 15-1<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/interactive-figures\/fig15_ext.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Figures 15-28, 15-29, 15-30, 15-31, 15-35 (exterior)\">Figures 15-28, 15-29, 15-30, 15-31, 15-35 (exterior)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cdn.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/27\/interactive-figures\/fig15_int.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Figures 15-28, 15-29, 15-30, 15-31, 15-35 (interior)\">Figures 15-28, 15-29, 15-30, 15-31, 15-35 (interior)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-high-resolution-and-color-figures\">High Resolution and Color Figures<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-df4581a5 wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35b48a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35b48a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"723\" height=\"835\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-3.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents three waveforms labeled a, b, and c, depicting wavelength, amplitude, and direction of propagation, with variations in frequency and wave intensity.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-360\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-3.jpg 723w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-3-260x300.jpg 260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A simple sound (a) can be understood in terms of its wavelength (1), and its amplitude (2), or the degree to which it deviates from normal air pressure (3). The higher the number of cycles per second (b), also called Hertz, the higher the frequency or the sound. Sounds with very low frequencies have fewer cycles per second (c).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35bafb&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35bafb\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"905\" height=\"583\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-5.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents two overlapping waveforms, depicting a lower-frequency wave and a higher-frequency wave.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-362\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-5.jpg 905w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-5-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-5-768x495.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 905px) 100vw, 905px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sounds are usually made up of complex combinations of harmonic and overtone sound waves accompanying the fundamental tone. These comprise the unique tone color characteristics of a sound&#8217;s timbre.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35bfcc&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35bfcc\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"556\" height=\"1024\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-6-556x1024.jpg\" alt=\"A waveform graph presents three waveforms labeled a, b, and c, depicting variations in amplitude and frequency over time, having different sound characteristics and decay patterns.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-363\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-6-556x1024.jpg 556w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-6-163x300.jpg 163w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-6.jpg 690w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 556px) 100vw, 556px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Timbre is a feature of a sound&#8217;s unique character. Here are the waveforms for three different instruments producing the exact same note (middle C): a piano (a), a violin (b), and a human voice (c).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35c423&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35c423\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"983\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-9-1024x983.jpg\" alt=\"A photo presents two professionals labeled a and b, depicting one holding a boom microphone with an X L R cable and the other operating a camera on a tripod.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-364\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-9-1024x983.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-9-300x288.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-9-768x737.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-9-1536x1475.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-9.jpg 1659w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Single-system sound uses the video camera (b) to record both picture and sound on the same record media. The addition of a dedicated sound person using a boom (a) can provide greater flexibility (see also Fig. 15-23).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35c8d4&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35c8d4\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"513\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-10-1024x513.jpg\" alt=\"A photo presents four professionals labeled a to d, depicting a boom operator, a sound mixer with headphones, a camera operator using a tripod, and a person holding a clapperboard.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-365\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-10-1024x513.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-10-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-10-768x385.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-10-1536x769.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-10-2048x1026.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Double-system sound uses two devices: the camera to record the image (c), and a sound recorder to record the audio signal (b) coming from the boom op and their microphone (a). Because these two devices work independently, a slate (d) must be used to provide an audio\/visual point of reference to sync picture with sound in post.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35cd97&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35cd97\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"657\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-12.jpg\" alt=\"A screenshot presents a video editing software interface depicting a clapperboard being used in a film scene, with labeled sections a and b having timeline waveforms.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-361\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-12.jpg 792w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-12-300x249.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-12-768x637.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A properly shot and recorded slate is the perfect audiovisual point of reference in postproduction. The frame where the slate is clapped is marked in the video file (a), and then the sound file is positioned so that the sound of the slate clapping (b) is aligned with the marker. Video and audio are now in sync.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35d23e&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35d23e\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"450\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-14-1024x450.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents an audio signal flow, depicting a person speaking into a microphone, an analog-to-digital converter, a digital-to-analog converter, a speaker, and a video editing workstation.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-366\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-14-1024x450.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-14-300x132.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-14-768x337.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-14.jpg 1220w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">An acoustic signal (a) is translated into an electrical charge by a microphone (b) and is then converted into digital information via an analog-to-digital converter (c). These data are stored on memory cards or hard drive and later downloaded into a computer for syncing and editing (f). A digital-to-analog converter (d) reverses the process when we play the recorded sound (e).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35d6db&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35d6db\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"539\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-15-1024x539.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents two graphs labeled a and b, depicting histograms with overlaid smooth curves, where a has fewer bins and b has more closely spaced bins.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-367\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-15-1024x539.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-15-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-15-768x404.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-15.jpg 1335w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The process of converting analog sound (1) to a digital format involves sampling the signal at regular intervals. The lower the sampling rate (a), the less accurate the digital version will be; a higher sampling rate (b) creates a more faithful reproduction of the original sound.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35dbad&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35dbad\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"513\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-16-1024x513.jpg\" alt=\"A photo presents a professional audio recorder from multiple angles, depicting labeled components including input and output ports, a display screen, control buttons, and a compact flash card slot.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-368\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-16-1024x513.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-16-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-16-768x385.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-16-1536x770.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-16.jpg 1614w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">All professional sound recorders have these essential features: mic inputs and preamps (a), record level potentiometers (b), a peak meter (c), controls for record, play, and searching (d), headphone jack (e), audio\/data outputs (f), and record media bay (here it&#8217;s compact flash) (g).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35e0e7&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35e0e7\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"661\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-23-1024x661.jpg\" alt=\"A photo presents three individuals labeled a, b, and c operating audio and video equipment, depicting X L R and wireless connections, as well as a camera on a tripod.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-369\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-23-1024x661.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-23-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-23-768x496.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-23-1536x991.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-23-2048x1322.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A typical single-system sound configuration. Boom operator (a), sound recordist adjusting levels with field mixer (b), and audio recorded on camcorder (c).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35e58e&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35e58e\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"558\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-24-1024x558.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents two labeled cross-sectional views of a mechanical structure, depicting components including supports, a central platform, an internal mechanism, and a base connection.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-370\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-24-1024x558.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-24-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-24-768x419.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-24.jpg 1042w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">moving coil microphone (left) works by converting the movement of a diaphragm (a) into an electrical charge when the coil (b) attached to it moves up and down while suspended around magnets (c). A condenser microphone (right) uses a positively charged diaphragm (d) and the negatively charged back plate (e) to form a capacitor; the movement between these two electrically charged plates creates voltage fluctuations that are sent to a preamp (f).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35e99a&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35e99a\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"898\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-26-1024x898.jpg\" alt=\"Two frequency response graphs present A-T 813 a and A-T 803 b microphones, depicting response levels in decibels across frequencies in hertz with roll-off variation.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-371\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-26-1024x898.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-26-300x263.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-26-768x673.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-26.jpg 1087w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A frequency response graph plots how sensitive (measured in dB, on the x-axis) a microphone is to a range of frequencies (measured in Hz on the y-axis). Note that the AT803b, an omnidirectional lavaliere condenser microphone, has a &#8220;roll-off&#8221; option that affects its sensitivity to low frequencies (arrow).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35ee1d&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35ee1d\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"991\" height=\"692\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-27.jpg\" alt=\"A photo presents a close-up of a battery switch labeled BATT ON, with two labeled positions, a and b, each marked with distinct line symbols.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-372\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-27.jpg 991w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-27-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-27-768x536.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Some microphones have a &#8220;low-end roll-off&#8221; setting (b) that makes them less sensitive to low frequencies, usually caused by wind or machine noise. The flat response setting (a) is preferable for most situations.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35f2c2&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35f2c2\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"713\" height=\"486\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-28.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents a three-dimensional sphere with intersecting lines, depicting a shotgun microphone positioned at an angle, alongside a separate smaller circle.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-373\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-28.jpg 713w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-28-300x204.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The pickup pattern of an omnidirectional microphone allows it to capture sound equally from all directions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35f735&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35f735\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"758\" height=\"470\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-30.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents a three-dimensional distorted sphere with intersecting lines, depicting a shotgun microphone positioned at an angle, alongside a separate irregular curved shape.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-374\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-30.jpg 758w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-30-300x186.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 758px) 100vw, 758px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A cardioid microphone has a pickup pattern that favors sound coming from the front and sides, but not from behind.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea35fbd5&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea35fbd5\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"828\" height=\"527\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-31.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram presents an elongated three-dimensional wireframe shape with intersecting lines, depicting a shotgun microphone positioned inside, alongside a separate symmetrical outline resembling a polar pattern.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-375\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-31.jpg 828w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-31-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-31-768x489.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 828px) 100vw, 828px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Hypercardioid microphones have a narrow range of acceptance that greatly favors sound coming directly from the front, allowing them to be positioned somewhat further from the sound source.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69fcaea360092&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69fcaea360092\" class=\"wp-block-image size-large has-custom-border wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"885\" height=\"536\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-36.jpg\" alt=\"A photo presents three labeled groups of microphones and accessories: handheld and shotgun microphones, lavalier microphones with cables, and a Sony wireless transmitter with an attached microphone.\" class=\"has-border-color has-black-border-color wp-image-376\" style=\"border-width:1px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-36.jpg 885w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-36-300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/cdn-staging.routledgelearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/assets\/sites\/26\/figure-15-36-768x465.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 885px) 100vw, 885px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"Enlarge\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A sound recordist&#8217;s basic microphone arsenal covers all bases: sturdy dynamic cardioid microphone and modular condenser systems offering three interchangeable heads: omni, cardioid, and supercardioid (a); lavaliere mics (b); and a wireless microphone system (c).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained wp-container-2 is-position-sticky\">\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\" style=\"padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0\"><strong>On this page<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6fe931d8 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex wp-container-1 is-position-sticky\"><div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-helpful-downloads\">Interactive Figures<\/a><\/li><li><a class=\"aioseo-toc-item\" href=\"#aioseo-high-resolution-and-color-figures\">High Resolution and Color Figures<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"parent":29,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":""},"categories":[],"tags":[6],"class_list":["post-120","content","type-content","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","tag-chapter-resources","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/120","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/content"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content\/29"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging.routledgelearning.com\/voiceandvision\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}