This chapter considers different possible functional organizations of the prefrontal cortex: for instance, different functional roles for the lateral versus orbital surfaces; different functional roles for posterior versus anterior portions of the lateral surface; and hemispheric differences. The concept of executive functions is closely related to another distinction with a long history in cognitive science \u2013 namely, that between automatic and controlled behavior. The prefrontal cortex has extensive connections with virtually all sensory systems, the cortical and subcortical motor system, and structures involved in affect and memory. The anterior cingulate, on the medial surface, is involved in the detection of response conflict and helps to sustain task-focus (e.g., depending on level of reward or risk). <\/p>\n\n\n\n